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Anatomy > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What nitrogenous bases are purines (double ringed)

A

Adenine and Guanine

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2
Q

What nitrogenous bases are pyrimidines (single ringed)

A

Cytosine, thymine, and uracil

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3
Q

What is a gene

A

Segment of DNA that synthesizes a specific protein

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4
Q

What are histones

A

What DNA wraps around so that it fits in the cell

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5
Q

What is chromatin

A

Fine filamentous DNA material complexed with histones

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6
Q

What are the two sides of a chromosome called

A

Sister chromatids

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7
Q

What are chromatids joined by

A

A centromere

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8
Q

What are the types of RNA

A

Messenger
Ribosomal
Transfer

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9
Q

What is a genome

A

All the DNA in a 23 chromosome set

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10
Q

What is the base triplet

A

Sequence of three DNA nucleotides that stand for one amino acid

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11
Q

What is transcription and where does it occur

A

DNA to RNA
The nucleus

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12
Q

What is a Codon

A

three base sequences in mRNA

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13
Q

What is translation and where does it occur

A

RNA to protein
The cytoplasm

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14
Q

What is post translational modification

A

Finalizing proteins in the Golgi

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15
Q

What are the steps of DNA replication

A

DNA Helicase
DNA polymerase
DNA ligase

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16
Q

What happens in DNA helicase

A

It separates the strands of DNA forming a replication fork

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17
Q

What happens in DNA Polymerase

A

It moves along one strand and separates it to be made into RNA

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18
Q

What happens in DNA Ligase

A

Puts the strand that wasn’t turned into RNA back together

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19
Q

What is semiconservative replication

A

Each new DNA molecule contains old and new DNA

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20
Q

what is the DNA damage response

A

Mechanisms in place to correct replication errors

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21
Q

What are mutations

A

Changes in DNA structure due to replication errors or environmental factors

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22
Q

What is the Synthesis phase

A

Cell replicates all nuclear DNA and duplicates centrioles

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22
Q

What are the stages of interphase

A

G1
Synthesis
G2
G0
Mitotic phase

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22
Q

What is the G1 phase

A

The cell grows and normal tasks are carried out

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23
Q

What is G2

A

Interval between DNA replication and cell division. The cell repairs replication errors, grows, and synthesizes enzymes that control division

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24
Q

What is G0

A

The phase where cells stop growing for a while. Some cells may permanently stop growing

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25
Q

What happens in cytokinesis

A

The division of cytoplasm into two separate cells

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25
Q

What are the stages of mitosis

A

Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis

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26
Q

What is a haploid cell

A

Cells containing half as many chromosomes as somatic cells

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26
Q

What is a diploid cell

A

A cell with 23 pairs of chromosomes

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27
Q

What are introns

A

Segments of protein removed before translation

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27
Q

What kind of cells are haploid

A

Sex or Germ

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27
Q

What kind of cells are diploid

A

Somatic

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28
Q

What is a tissue

A

A group of similar cells and cell products working together to perform a specific role in an organ

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29
Q

What are exons

A

The protein that gets translated

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30
Q

What is the matrix

A

Extracellular material
Where the growth of the cells start

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31
Q

What does the ectoderm do

A

Gives rise to the epidermis and nervous system

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32
Q

What does the mesoderm do

A

Becomes gelatinous tissue called mesenchyme

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32
Q

What is epithelial tissue

A

sheet of closely adhering cells

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32
Q

What are the primary germ layers of tissue

A

Ectoderm, Mesoderm, Endoderm

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33
Q

What does mesenchyme do

A

Give rise to cartilage and bone and blood

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33
Q

What is the basement membrane

A

Layer between an epithelium and underlying connective tissue

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33
Q

What are the functions of epithelial tissue

A

Protection, secretion, excretion, absorption, filtration, sensation

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34
Q

What does the endoderm do

A

Gives rise to mucous membrane lining digestive and respiratory tracts

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34
Q

What is the basal surface

A

The surface that faces the basement membrane

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35
Q

What is the apical surface

A

The surface that faces away from the basement membrane

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36
Q

What is the lateral surface

A

The surface in the middle of the Basal and Apical

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37
Q

Define the simple epithelia

A

It contains one layer of cells and touches the basement membrane

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38
Q

Define the simple squamous

A

Thin scaly cells that permit rapid diffusion or transport of substances

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39
Q

Define pseudostratified

A

Looks multilayered but all cells touch basement membrane. It secrets and propels mucus

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39
Q

Define simple cuboidal

A

Squarish cells that help with absorption and secretion. Also help with mucus production and movement

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39
Q

Where is epithelial tissue located

A

Inner lining of digestive tract, liver and other glands

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40
Q

Define stratified epithelia

A

More than one layer of cells and not all cells touch the basement membrane

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40
Q

Define simple columnar

A

Tall narrow cells, has oval nuclei in basal half of cell and helps with absorption and secretion

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41
Q

Define connective tissue

A

most abundant, widely distributed, and variable type of tissue in the body

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41
Q

Define keratinized

A

It has multiple layers
cells become scaly and flat at the top
Resists abrasion and penetration by pathogenic organisms

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41
Q

Define Nonkeratinized

A

Does not have a surface layer of dead cells
Resists abrasion and penetration of pathogens still

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42
Q

What are the protein fibers in connective tissue

A

Collagenous fibers
Reticular fibers
Elastic fibers

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42
Q

What are the functions of connective tissue

A

Binding organs
Support
Physical protection
immune protection
movement
storage
heat production
transport

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43
Q

What cells make up fibrous connective tissue

A

Fibroblasts, Macrophages, white blood cells, plasma, Mast, adipocytes

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43
Q

What is ground substance

A

Featureless substance in space surrounding cells

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44
Q

What is loose connective tissue

A

Mostly ground substance
Areolar or reticular

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45
Q

What are the types of loose connective tissue

A

Areolar, adipose, reticular

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46
Q

Define areolar tissue

A

Loosely organized fibers that exhibit all 6 types of cells. It is found in almost every part of the body

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47
Q

Define reticular tissue

A

A mesh of reticular fibers and fibroblasts that forms the framework of organs like the lymph nodes, spleen, and bone marrow

48
Q

What is plasma

A

Bloods ground substance

48
Q

Where is dense connective tissue mainly found

A

Tendons and ligaments

49
Q

Define dense connective tissue

A

Collagen fibers are densely packed, and the fibers are parallel.

50
Q

What do white blood cells do

A

Fight infections

51
Q

What do red blood cells do

A

Carry oxygen and carbon

52
Q

What clots blood

A

Platelets

53
Q

What is excitability

A

The ability to respond to stimuli by changing membrane potential

54
Q

Define nervous tissue

A

Specialized for communication by electrical and chemical signals

55
Q

What does nervous tissue consist of

A

Neurons and neuroglia

56
Q

What do neurons do

A

Detect stimuli, respond quickly, and transmit coded information

57
Q

What does neuroglia do

A

protect and assist neurons

58
Q

What are striations

A

Alternating dark and light bands

59
Q

Describe skeletal muscle tissue

A

Voluntary movement
Has striations

60
Q

Describe cardiac muscle

A

Involuntary
Has one nucleus

61
Q

Describe smooth muscle

A

It makes up the organs
Has one nucleus
Involuntary

62
Q

What are cell junctions

A

Connections between two cells

63
Q

What is a tight junction

A

Zipper like interlocking between two adjacent cells using transmembrane cell adhesion proteins

64
Q

What are endocrine glands and what do they do

A

Glands that have no ducts
They secrete hormones into the blood

65
Q

What is a desmosome

A

A patch that holds cells together

66
Q

What is a hemidesmosome

A

half a desmosome that anchors basal cells of an epithelium to an underlying basement membrane

67
Q

What is a gap junction

A

Cellular communication

68
Q

What are exocrine glands

A

Glands that maintain their contact with surface of epithelium using a duct

69
Q

What do Serous glands do

A

Secrete thin watery secretions
Ex. Milk, tears, digestive juices

70
Q

What do mucous glands secrete

A

Produce mucin to make mucus

71
Q

What is mucin

A

A glycoprotein that absorbs water to make mucus

72
Q

What are mixed glands

A

Glands that have both serous and mucous glands

73
Q

What do eccrine glands do

A

release their products through exocytosis

74
Q

What is holocrine secretion

A

Cells accumulate a product and the entire cell disintegrates

74
Q

What is hyperplasia

A

Cell multiplication
Growth as a child

75
Q

What is hypertrophy

A

Enlargement of cell size
Muscle growth

76
Q

What are stem cells

A

Undifferentiated cells that have not performed a specific function

77
Q

What is regeneration

A

Replacement of dead or damaged cells using the same type of cell

78
Q

What is fibrosis

A

Replacement of damaged cells with scar tissue

78
Q

What is atrophy

A

Shrinkage of tissue through cell loss

78
Q

What is necrosis

A

Pathological tissue death

79
Q

What is infarction

A

Sudden death of tissue when blood supply is cut off

79
Q

What is gangrene

A

Necrosis due to lack of blood supply

80
Q

What are the functions of skin

A

Resistance to trauma and infection
Vitamin D synthesis
Sensation
Thermoregulation

81
Q

What does it mean to be avascular

A

Lack blood vessels

81
Q

What are tactile cells

A

Touch receptor cells associated with dermal nerve fibers

81
Q

What are melanocytes

A

The cells that synthesize pigment melanin that shields DNA from UV

82
Q

What are dendritic cells

A

Phagocytic immune cells that guard against toxins

83
Q

What is the stratum basal

A

The layer of stem cells and keratinocytes on the basement membrane

84
Q

What is the stratum corneum

A

Up to 30 layers of dead keratinized cells on the epidermis

85
Q

What is the papillary layer

A

The zone of areolar tissue in and near dermal papillae

85
Q

What is the reticular layer

A

Deep thick layer of dermis composed of irregular tissue beneath skin

86
Q

What is the hypodermis

A

Layer of connective tissue beneath skin

87
Q

What is eumelanin

A

Dark melanin that breaks down slower and is more spread out in keratinocytes

88
Q

What is pheomelanin

A

Light melanin that gets clumped near the keratinocyte nucleus

89
Q

What does hard keratin make up

A

Hair and nails

89
Q

What does soft keratin make up

A

skin

90
Q

What is the shaft

A

The part of the hair follicle that is above the skin

91
Q

What is the bulb

A

The hair root that is in the dermis or hypodermis

92
Q

What is the hair matrix

A

growth center for hair

93
Q

What are the layers of hair

A

The medulla
The cortex
The cuticle

94
Q

Describe the layers of hair

A

The medulla- core of loosely arranged cells and air spaces
The cortex- bulk of the hair
Cuticle- Outermost region consisting of multiple layers of thin scaly cells

95
Q

What is the epithelial root sheath

A

Extension of the epidermis lying adjacent to hair root

96
Q

What is the connective tissue root sheath

A

Surrounds the epithelial root sheath

97
Q

What is the nail plate

A

hard part of the nail

98
Q

What is the nail fold

A

Surrounding skin separated from the nail by the nail groove

99
Q

What is the nail bed

A

Skin underneath nail plate

100
Q

What is the hyponychium

A

Epidermis of nail bed

101
Q

What is the nail matrix

A

The growth zone at proximal end of nail

102
Q

What is the cuticle

A

Narrow zone of dead skin that overhangs the proximal end of the nail

103
Q

What are apocrine sweat glands and where do they exist

A

Sweat glands that arise during puberty and respond to stress and sexual stimulation
Groin, anal, axilla, areola, and beard

104
Q

What are eccrine sweat glands

A

Normal sweat glands that produce sweat

105
Q

What is the sebaceous gland

A

glands that produce sebum and keep hair from being dry and brittle

105
Q

What is diaphoresis

A

Sweating with wetness of skin

106
Q

What are ceruminous glands

A

modified apocrine glands found in external ear canal

106
Q

What are mammary glands

A

Milk producing glands developed in females during pregnancy

107
Q

Describe second degree burns

A

Involves part of the dermis and can take up to several months to heal
appears red, tan or white and blisters

107
Q

Describe third degree burns

A

Involves all of the dermis and sometimes deeper tissues
Often requires skin grafts fluid replacement, infection control

108
Q

Describe first degree burns

A

Burns that involve only the epidermis
usually heals within days and only shows some redness

109
Q

What roles does the skeletal system have

A

Support
Protection
Movement
Electrolyte balance
Acid-base balance
Blood formation
Hormone stress

110
Q

Describe bone tissue

A

Connective tissue with the matrix hardened by calcium, phosphate and other minerals

110
Q

What are the hardening processes of bone

A

Mineralization and calcification

111
Q

What is an epiphysis

A

Enlarged end of long bone

111
Q

What is spongy bone

A

Loosely organized bone tissue

111
Q

What is compact bone

A

Dense outer shell of bone that houses marrow and spongy bone

112
Q

What is a diaphysis

A

Shaft that provides leverage

112
Q

What is the epiphyseal line

A

Remanent of childhood growth zone

112
Q

What are lacunae

A

Cavities where osteocytes reside

112
Q

What are osteoblasts

A

Bone forming cell in the endosteum and inner layer of periosteum

112
Q

What are osteocytes

A

Former osteoblasts trapped in the matrix they made

112
Q

What is canaliculi

A

Channels that connect lacunae

112
Q

What is ossification and osteogenesis

A

The formation of bone

112
Q

What are osteoclasts

A

Bone dissolving cells on the bone surface

113
Q

What is the order in how bones form

A

Osteogenic cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes

114
Q

Define intramembranous

A

Bone grows between two membranes
Forms flat bones

115
Q

What is appositional growth

A

Deposition of new tissue at the bone surface

115
Q

Define endochondral

A

Bone develops from hyaline cartilage
Forms long bones

116
Q

What is Mineral deposition

A

The crystallization process in which calcium and phosphate are taken from blood and deposited in bone

117
Q

What is hypocalcemia and hypercalcemia

A

Calcium deficiency
Calcium excess

118
Q

What is calcitriol

A

Active form of vitamin D

118
Q

What three hormones regulate bone

A

Calcitriol
Calcitonin
Parathyroid hormone

119
Q

What is parathyroid hormone

A

Raises calcium-blood levels in response to low calcium level in blood

Anatomy (7 decks)

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