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Anatomy > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three types of muscle

A

Skeletal Cardiac and Smooth

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2
Q

What is the Endomysium

A

Thin sleeve of loose connective tissue around each fiber

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3
Q

What does the Endomysium do

A

Allow room for capillaries and nerve fibers

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4
Q

What is the Perimysium

A

Thick layer of connective that wraps fascicles

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5
Q

What are Fascicles

A

Bundles of muscle fibers wrapped together

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6
Q

What is the Epimysium

A

Fibrous sheath surrounding entire muscle

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7
Q

What does the perimysium do

A

Carry nerves, blood vessels, and stretch receptors

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8
Q

What is the fascia

A

Sheet of connective tissue between muscles or muscle groups

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9
Q

What does the epimysium do

A

Blend with fascia and deeper tissues

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10
Q

Describe fusiform muscles

A

Thick in the middle with fascicles converging on each tapered end

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11
Q

Describe parallel muscles

A

Uniform width and parallel fascicles

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12
Q

Describe triangular muscles

A

Broad at one end with fascicles converging on the other narrow end

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12
Q

What is another name for triangular muscles

A

Convergent muscles

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13
Q

What does the fascia do

A

Packages groups of functionally related muscles into muscle components

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14
Q

What is a direct muscle attachment

A

Little separation between muscle and bone

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15
Q

What is an indirect muscle attachment

A

Tendon connects muscle to bone

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16
Q

What is the prime mover

A

The muscle that produces the most force of a movement

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17
Q

What is the fixator

A

The muscle that prevents a bone from moving

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18
Q

What is a synergist

A

The muscle that aids the prime mover

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19
Q

What is the antagonist

A

The muscle that opposes prime mover

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20
Q

What is innervation

A

The identity of the nerve that stimulates it

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21
Q

What does it mean for a muscle to be innervated

A

A nerve enters the muscle

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22
Q

What is skeletal muscle

A

Voluntary, striated muscle attached to bones

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23
Q

What is the sarcolemma

A

Plasma membrane of a muscle fiber

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24
Q

What is the sarcoplasm

A

Cytoplasm of muscle fiber

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25
Q

What are myofibers

A

Long protein cords occupying most of sarcoplasm

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26
Q

What is glycogen

A

carbohydrate stored to provide energy for exercise

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27
Q

What is myoglobin

A

Red pigment; provides some oxygen for muscle activity

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28
Q

What is the sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

Smooth ER that forms network around each microfibril

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29
Q

What is in the Sarcoplasm

A

Myofibers, Glycogen, Myoglobin

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30
Q

What are terminal cisterns

A

Dilated end-sacs of SR that cross the muscle fiber from one end to the other

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31
Q

What are transverse tubules

A

Tubular infoldings of the sarcolemma which penetrate through the cell and emerge on the other side

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32
Q

What are Myoblasts

A

Stem cells that fused to form each muscle fiber early in development

Each one has a nucleus

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33
Q

What are satellite cells

A

Unspecialized myoblasts remaining between the muscle fiber and endomysium

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34
Q

What are thick filaments

A

Made up of several hundred myosin molecules

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35
Q

What are thin filaments

A

composed of three different protein types

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36
Q

What are the three types of thin filaments

A

Fibrous (f) actin, Tropomyosin, Troponin

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37
Q

What is Fibrous actin

A

Two intertwined strands of G actin subunits. Each has an active site that can bind to the head of a myosin molecule

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38
Q

What is tropomyosin

A

Each blocks six or seven active sites on G actin subunits

It is a regulatory protein

Has to move out of the way for myosin to get in

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39
Q

What is troponin

A

Small calcium-binding protein on each tropomyosin molecule

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40
Q

What is a Sarcomere

A

Segment from Z disk to Z disk

It is the functional unit of muscle fiber

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40
Q

What are Elastic Filaments

A

Filaments made of a huge springy protein called titin

they connect thick filaments to Z-disks and M line

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41
Q

What is the somatic nerve

A

The nerve that contracts skeletal muscle

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42
Q

What is the synapse

A

Where a nerve meets another cell

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43
Q

What are somatic nerve fibers

A

Axons of somatic motor neurons that lead to skeletal muscle

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44
Q

What is a motor unit

A

One nerve fiber and all the muscle fibers innervated by it

Behaves as a functional unit

45
Q

What do large motor units do

A

Provide strength more than control

45
Q

What do small motor units do

A

Provide a fine degree of control

46
Q

What is a synapse

A

The point where a nerve fiber meets a target cell

47
Q

What is a Neuromuscular Junction or Motor end plate

A

Where the target cell of a nerve fiber is a muscle fiber

48
Q

What is the Axon Terminal

A

Swollen end of nerve fiber

49
Q

What is acetylcholinesterase

A

The enzyme that breaks up acetylcholine

50
Q

What does it mean to be polarized

A

To contain a negative charge

51
Q

What does it mean to depolarize

A

To turn the charge positive from negative

52
Q

What does it mean to repolarize

A

To turn the positive charge back negative

53
Q

What is flaccid paralysis

A

State where the muscles are limp and cannot contract

54
Q

What is excitation

A

Action potentials in motor nerve fiber lead to action potentials in the muscle fibers

55
Q

What is Excitation contraction coupling

A

Events that link the action potential on the sarcolemma to activation of the myofilaments preparing them to contract

56
Q

What is contraction

A

When the muscle fiber develops tension and may shorten

57
Q

What is relaxation

A

When stimulation ends

58
Q

What is the length-tension relationship

A

Amount of tension generated by a muscle depends on how stretched or shortened it was before stimulated

59
Q

What is the Latent Period

A

Delay just after stimulation of a muscle

60
Q

What is the contraction phase

A

External tension is generated and a load is moved as the muscle fiber shortens

61
Q

What is the relaxation period

A

Sarcoplasmic calcium levels fall as calcium gets reabsorbed into the sarcoplasmic reticulum

62
Q

What is Anaerobic fermentation

A

Enables cells to produce ATP in the absence of oxygen

It yields little ATP and lactate

63
Q

What is Aerobic fermentation

A

Produces ATP using oxygen

Doesn’t generate lactate and produces a lot more ATP

64
Q

What are myocytes

A

Involuntary cells not as long and fibrous as skeletal muscles

65
Q

What are cardiac muscle cells called

A

Cardiomyocytes

66
Q

What is the structure of a cardiac muscle

A

Striated, short, thick, surrounded by endomysium

67
Q

What are intercalated disks

A

where cardiomyocytes join other cells

68
Q

What does it mean to be autorhythmic

A

To contract rhythmically and independently

69
Q

What is the structure of smooth muscle

A

Lacks striations and variable innervation

70
Q

What is the Latch-bridge mechanism

A

Resistant to fatigue
Head of myosin molecules do not detach from actin immediately

71
Q

How does the endocrine system work

A

Communicates by means of chemical messengers secreted into blood

72
Q

How does the nervous system work

A

utilizes neurons to send messages from cell to cell using electrical and chemical means

73
Q

Where is the central nervous system

A

The brain and spinal cord

74
Q

Where is the peripheral nervous system

A

Nerves and ganglia

75
Q

What is sensory division

A

AKA Afferent division

Carries signals from receptors to the CNS

76
Q

What is somatic sensory division

A

Carries signals from receptors in the skin, muscle, bones, joints to the CNS

77
Q

What is Visceral sensory division

A

Carries signals from the viscera (heart, lungs, stomach, urinary bladder)

78
Q

What is motor division

A

AKA Efferent division

Carries signals From CNS to effectors

79
Q

What is somatic motor division

A

Carries signals to skeletal muscles
Causes voluntary contraction and automatic reflexes

80
Q

What is visceral motor division

A

AKA autonomic motor system

Carries signals to glands, cardiac and smooth muscle, no voluntary control

81
Q

What is the sympathetic division of the ANS

A

Stimulates and prepares body for action

82
Q

What is the parasympathetic division of the ANS

A

Calming effect on the body

83
Q

What is conductivity

A

Produce electrical signal that are conducted to other cells

84
Q

What is secretion

A

when signal reaches end of axon, the neuron secretes a neurotransmitter that stimulates next cell

85
Q

What are interneurons

A

Processing neurons
Receive signals from other neurons and process this information and make decisions

86
Q

What are glial cells

A

Regulate area around neurons so they can perform their functions

87
Q

What are oligodendrocytes

A

form myelin sheath in CNS

88
Q

What are Microglia

A

Macrophages that engulf debris and defend against pathogens

88
Q

What are ependymal cells

A

Line internal cavities of brain and secretes/circulates cerebrospinal fluid

89
Q

What are astrocytes

A

Framework for nervous tissue

90
Q

What is the Myelin sheath

A

Spiral layers of insulation around an axon

91
Q

What is the Node of Ranvier

A

Gap between segments

92
Q

What are internodal segments

A

Myelin covered segments

93
Q

What are initial segments

A

Bare section of axon between the hillock and first glial cell

94
Q

What is the trigger zone

A

Axon hillock and initial segment

95
Q

What is electrical potential

A

Difference in concentration of charged particles between one point and another

type of potential energy

96
Q

What is a current

A

Flow of charged particle from one point to another

97
Q

What is the resting membrane potential

A

The charge difference across plasma membrane
Negative
Inside is negative outside is positive

98
Q

What does it mean to be graded

A

To vary in magnitude with stimulus strength

99
Q

What does it mean to be decrimental

A

To get weaker the farther away they spread from point of stimulation

100
Q

What does it mean to be reversible

A

If stimulation ceases membrane voltage quickly returns to normal resting potential

101
Q

What is action potential

A

Rapid up and down change in voltage produced by the coordinated opening and closing of the voltage gated ion channels

102
Q

What is a ligand

A

Anything that binds to a protein

103
Q

What is the all or none law

A

If threshold is reached, neuron fires up to maximum voltage if its not reached it doesn’t fire at all

104
Q

What is non decremental

A

they do not get weaker with distance

105
Q

What is irreversible

A

Once started an action potential travels all the way down

106
Q

What is the refractory period

A

period of resistance to stimulation

107
Q

What is the absolute refractory period

A

No stimulus of any strength will trigger another action potential

108
Q

What is the relative refractory period

A

An unusually strong stimulus is needed to trigger a new action potential

109
Q

What do refractory periods do

A

Ensure that the action potential goes down the axon and not towards the soma

110
Q

Where do action potentials fire

A

at the Node of Ranvier

Anatomy (7 decks)

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