Test 1

Question 1

Hardness

Answer 1

Resistance to abrasion, mobs scale of hardness

Question 2

Cleavage

Answer 2

Tendency for mineral to split along a plane (along weak bonds of Chrystal lattice

Question 3

Solubility

Answer 3

Use of dilute acid to identify carbonate minerals

Question 4

Rock characteristics

Answer 4

Type, age, place, structure

Question 5

Rock mass

Answer 5

Rock material + deformation/defects

Question 6

Describe two rocks you would find at the younger end of the standard geologic column scale

Answer 6

Holocene, Pleistocene

Question 7

Igneous rock

Answer 7

Solidified from molten material (magma), volcanic, plutonic

Question 8

Sedimentary rock

Answer 8

Mechanically deposited, organically deposited, littified in place (turn to stone)

Question 9

Occurrences of igneous rocks

Answer 9

Plutonic - high pressure environment, slow cooling, intrusive plutons. Sub volcanic - transitional between 1 and 3, intrusive sills and dykes. Volcanic - law pressure environment, fast cooling, extrusive.

Question 10

Magma

Answer 10

Molten rock forming when temperatures rise and melting occurs in the mantle or crust. Less dense than surrounding rock so rises buoyantly. As magma cools Chrystals of different minerals form.

Question 11

Aphanitic and phaneritic and porhyritic rock texture

Answer 11

Fine grained-rapid cooling (days to months). Coarse grained (slow cooling over centuries). Large Chrystals in fine grained matrix more than one stage of cooling (combination).

Question 12

Plutonic rock

Answer 12

Formed at depth within crust, cools slowly (coarse grained), non-vesicular (no bubbles in rock mass), exposed at surface by uplift and erosion.

Question 13

Volcanic rock effusive activity

Answer 13

Magma extruded at the ground surface, lava flows and lava domes, forms crystalline igneous rocks.

Question 14

Volcanic rock explosive activity

Answer 14

Forms range of rock types, lava-fire fountahing, pyroclasts/tephra, ignimbrites - from pyroclastic flows, lahar

Question 15

Types of lava

Answer 15

Basalt, andesite, rhyolite, nigh viscosity lava will how slowly and form semi rigid blocks, allows trapped gas and vesicles to form. Low viscosity flows easily, gas is released.

Question 16

Igrimbrite

Answer 16

Pumice, tuff and lithics deposited by pyroclastic flow melded at greater depths (non-vesicular).

Question 17

Subvolcanic rock

Answer 17

Doesn’t make it to ground surface eg. Dyke, sill

Question 18

Desireable engineering properties

Answer 18

Intrusive and chrystallie extrusive rocks - no vesicles or air bubbles, strong stable, little movement of water

Question 19

Sedimentary rocks and groups

Answer 19

Produced from sediment. Clastic, bionic, chemical, volcaiclastic, mixed.

Question 20

What influences sedimentary rock characteristics?

Answer 20

Type of material, transportation mechanism, depositional site.

Question 21

Lithification process

Answer 21

Soil to sedimentary rock. Loose sediment is compacted, cementation. Sometimes after initial compaction only cementation will occur.

Question 22

Clastic shape-breccia

Answer 22

Angular class - no interaction between the particles.

Question 23

Clastic shape conglomerate

Answer 23

Rounded clasts - majority of the section is made up of the particles.

Question 24

Metamorphic rocks

Answer 24

Formed from pre existing rock deposits. Igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic. Changes as a result of heat and pressure

Question 25

Metamorphic processes

Answer 25

Contact (high heat), dynamic (deformation and pressure), regional (high heat and pressure)

Question 26

Metamorphic characteristics

Answer 26

Granular, can be foliated