test 1 Flashcards
Electricity: what is it and what happens- 2
The movement of electrons from one atom to another along a conductor
When in motion exhibits magnetic, chemical, or thermal effects
Electric current: 1
Flow of energy along a conductor
conductor: 1
Any material that conducts electricity allowing it to pass through easily
Good conductors:3
Most metals
Especially copper
Non-distilled water
Insulator:1
Material that does not transmit electricity
Good insulators:5
Rubber
Silk
Wood
Glass
Cement
Complete electrical circuit: what is it - 1
Path that negative and positive electric currents take from the generating source through the conductors back to generating source
Direct current what is it -4
DC
Constant even flowing current
Travels in one direction only
Produced by chemical means
Examples of direct current: 2 examples and why
Flashlights and cellphones
Direct current from batteries
Inverter: what is it - 2
Apparatus that changes direct current to alternating current
Usually has plug and cord
Alternating current: 4
AC
Rapid and interrupted current
Flowing first in one direction than the opposite
Produced by chemical means and changes directions 60 times per second
Examples of alternating current: 3 AND WHY
Hair dryers,
Irons,
lamps
Plugs into wall outlets
Rectifier: what is it, what has it- 2
Apparatus that changes alternating current to direct current
Cordless items usually have rectifier needed to recharge their battery
Differences between DC and AC: 3 each
DC:
Constant even flow
Travels in one direction
Produced by chemical means
AC:
Rapid and interrupted flow
Travels in 2 directions
Produced by mechanical means
Volt: what is it- 3
V
The force
Unit that measures the pressure or force that pushes electric current forward through a conductor
How many volts are normal wall sockets :1
120 volts
How many volts are required for ac and washing machines: 1
240 v
Ampere: what is it , what’s needed - 4
A/amps
Unit that measures the strength of an electric current
Higher amps means more electrons and stronger current
Wires must be big enough to carry the amount of amps flowing through it so it doesn’t overheat
Milliampere:2
MA
1/1000 of an ampere
What uses milliamperes and why: 2
Facial tools
An ampere would be far too strong and damaging to skin
Ohm: 4- what is it and how will current flow
O
The resistance
Unit that measures the resistance of an electric current
Current will not flow unless volts are stronger than the resistance (ohm)
Watt: what is it- 3
W
Unit that measures how much electric energy is being used in one second
40 watt lightbulb uses 40 watts per second
Kilowatt: what is it and what uses it- 3
Kw
1000 watts = 1kw
Electricity in a house is measured by kwh (per hour )
Fuse: what it does and how- 2
Prevents excessive current from passing through circuit
Designed to blow out or melt when the wire becomes too hot from overloading circuit with too much current
How do you re-establish a circuit after a fuse blows: steps- 4
Disconnect appliance
Check all connection and insulation
Insert new fuse
Reconnect appliance
Circuit Breaker: what it does -3
A switch that automatically interrupts or shuts off a electrical circuit at the first indication of an overload
Replaced fuses in modern electric circuits
Do not require replacement, just reset by switching breaker back on
Grounding: what it does- 2
Completes electrical circuit and carries current safely away
All appliances must have at least 2 prongs on the plug
3 prong plug:- what it does- 3
Has 3rd circular prong called grounding pin
Designed to guarantee safe path for electricity and protect user from from shock
Offers most protection
Ground Fault Interrupters: what it does, how-4
GFI
Designed to protect from electrical shock by interrupting a household circuit when there is a leak in the circuit
Detects current of a few milliamperes and trips a breaker at the receptacle or at the breaker panel to avoid shock hazard
Has reset button
Some guidelines for electrical safety: 9
Read instruction carefully
Register equipment with company in case of recall
Disconnect when not used
Disconnect prior to cleaning
Inspect
Keep wires and plugs in good condition
Avoid water and metal contact
Keep cords off the floor
Don’t leave client unattended
Don’t clean outlets
Don’t alter prongs
What to do if you receive a shock sensation:4
Stop using immediately and turn it off.
Unplug it from the wall or turn off the circuit breaker to that outlet.
Replace the appliance or have it repaired by an authorized repair representative.
If similar issues occur with other appliances in the same outlet, discontinue use of that outlet until approved for use by a certified electrician
Electrotherapy-1
Electrical currents used to treat skin
Modalities- 2
Currents used in electrical facial and scalp treatments
Each modality produces different effects on skin
Electrode:aka, what it is, made of, modality- 5
Aka probe
Applicator for directing electric current from device to skin
Made of carbon, glass or metal
Each modality requires a negative and positive electrode to conduct energy through body
Tesla high frequency only has one electrode
Polarity-3
Poles of electric current
Positive or negative
Negative from cathode flow to positive anode
Anode-2
Positive electrode
Usually red marked with P/+
Cathode- 3
Negative electrode
Usually black marked with N/-
Negative from cathode flow to positive anode
Modalities used in industry :3
Galvanic current
Microcurrent
Tesla high frequency current
Galvanic current: what is it, what it does - 5
Constant and direct current
Positive and negative pole
Produces chemical changes when it passes through tissues and fluid of body
2 different reactions – chemical and ionic
Results vary depending on polarity being used- opposite results of each other
Active electrode:1
Electrode used on the treatment areas
Inactive electrode:2
Opposite pole from active electrode
Client holds it usually
What is galvanic current used to do:2
Infuse water soluble products into unbroken skin
Phoresis
Effects of galvanic current on skin: Positive (anode) Cataphoresis- 6
Produce acidic reaction
Close pores
Soothes nerves
Decreases blood supply
Contracts blood vessels
Hardens and firms tissues
Effects of galvanic current on skin: negative (cathode) anaphoresis-6
Produces alkaline reactions
Opens the pores
Stimulates and irritates the nerves
Increases blood supply
Expands blood vessels
Softens tissue
Contraindications of galvanic current:4
Broken capillaries
Pustular acne
High blood pressure
Metal implants
Ionophoresis:what does it do and how- 2
Process of infusing water soluble products into the skin with use of electric current
Use of positive and negative poles of galvanic machine
Cataphoresis:2 -what does it do and how
Infuses acidic (positive) product into deeper tissues
Using galvanic current from the positive pole (anode) towards negative pole (cathode)
Anaphoresis:1- what does it do
Infuses an alkaline (negative) product into the tissue from the negative pole toward the positive pole
Desincrustation:3
Form of anaphoresis
Used to soften and emulsify grease deposits and blackheads in follicle
Used to treat acne and milia
Microcurrent: what is it, what it does/used for, effects on skin- 8
Extremely low level of electricity that mirrors bodys natural electrical impulses
Does not travel- only treatment area
Used for ionotophoresis
Firming
Toning
Soothing skin
Heal inflamed tissue – acne
Negative and positive in one probe
How can microcurrent be effective:10
Improves blood and lymph circulation
Produces acidic and alkaline reactions
Opens and closes follicles and pores
Increases muscle tone
Restores elasticity
Reduces redness and inflammation
Minimizes healing time for acne lesions
Improves skin barrier
Increases metabolism
Aging skin- softer, firmer, hydrated
Contraindications to electric current devices:13
Pacemaker/metal implants
Epilepsy/seizures
Asthma
High blood pressure
Sinus blockage
Jewellery
Braces
Cancer
Phlebitis
Thrombosis
Pregnant
Under physicians care for product/treatment
If unsure obtain approval
Tesla high frequency:aka, what it does, used for, what Is it- 6
Aka violet ray
Thermal/heat producing current with high rate of oscillation or vibration
Commonly used for scalp and facial treatments
Does not produce muscle contractions
Stimulating or soothing
1 electrode made of glass or metal
Benefits of tesla high frequency:5
Stimulate blood circulation
Increases elimination and absorption
Increases skin metabolism
Improves germicidal action
Relieves skin congestion
What is Electromagnetic spectrum:1
All forms of energy that exist
Electromagnetic spectrum diagram:5
Radio waves- radios and tv
Microwaves- microwave oven \
Light waves- infrared, ultraviolet, visible light
X-rays
Gamma rays- nuclear powerplant
Wavelength:1
Distance between successive peaks of electromagnetic waves
Waveform:1
Measurment of distance between two wavelengths
Nanometers:2
Unit of length equivalent to a billionth of a meter
Used to measure wavelength of light
Long wavelengths:4
Low frequency
Fewer waves
Less energy
Deeper penetration
Short wavelengths:- 4
Higher frequency
More waves
More energy
Less penetration
Visible light- about- 4
Part of spectrum that we can see
35% of sunlight
Visible violet is shortest wavelength
Visible red is longest wavelength
What is sunlight made up of:3
Visible light= 35%
Invisible infrared light= 60%
Invisible infrared light= 5%
Invisible light: about- 3
Light at either end of visible spectrum
Invisible to naked eye
Shorter than 400nm or longer than 700nm
Ultraviolet Light: nm, facts and effects-6
Invisible shorter than 400nm
Cold/actinic light
Short wavelengths – high energy
Less penetrating – chemical reactions
happen quicker
Produce less heat
Kills some germs
What does UV light do for the skin: good and overexposure- 3
Prompts production of vitamin D- good for bone growth and health
Over exposure can cause;
Premature aging
Skin cancer
Three types of Uv light:3
UVA
UVB
UVC
UVA Light:about, effects on skin, where its used-4
Longest wavelength of UV
Penetrates directly into the dermis
Damaging collagen and elastin
Often in tanning bed
UVB light: about and what it does-3
Burning light
Associated with sun burns
Excessive exposure to UVA and UVB can cause cancer
UVC light:about and what it does- 2
Blocked by ozone layer- without there would be no life
Effective at killing bacteria, viruses, mold and other pathogens
Infrared Light: nm and about- 6
Invisible – longer than 700nm
Longer wavelengths
Penetrates deeper
Less energy
Produces more heat
60% sunlight
Infrared lamps:2 uses
Spas and saunas for relaxation and warming muscles
Process hair colour
Infrared light treatments: skin effects-3
Diminish aging signs
Heal wounds
Increase circulation
Red light:2
Visible light
Most effective on surface of skin
Catalysts:what and how -3
Substances that speed up chemical reactions
Some use heat or light as energy source
Absorb energy and pass to intitiator
Examples of catalysts:3
Monomers to harden acrylic nails
Uv light to harden gel colour
Infrared lamps to process hair colour
Light therapy:aka, what it does for skin and how- 4
Aka phototherapy
Application of light rays to skin for treatment of wrinkles, capillaries, pigment or hair removal
Multiple depths, colours and wavelengths- light may be scattered
Equipment used depends on skin type and condition
Laser light therapy:what it does 2
Focus all light and power to specific depth and direction within skin
Using same colour light
Light therapy with medication for skin treatment:3
Eczema flare-ups with UV
Systemic treatment with meds suppresses body immune response
Psoralen plus UVA (PUVA)
Fluorescent light:3
May be cooler
Green-blue
Contains mercury
Incandescent light: 2
Warmer
Yellow-gold