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Tesdt 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

suspensions

A

unstable physical mixture of undissolved particles in a liquid

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2
Q

chemistry 2

A

science that deals with composition of structures and properties of matter

how matter changes under different conditions.

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3
Q

matter 3

A

any substance that occupies space and has mass (weight)

all matter as physical and chemical properties. all matter is chemical

solid liquid gas

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4
Q

energy 1

A

is not matter; does not occupy space or have mass

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5
Q

element

A

simplest form of chemical matter - containing only one type of atom

cannot be made simpler without loss of identity

118 known, 98 are naturally occurring

identified by letter to symbol

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6
Q

atoms 3

A

Basic unit of matter - cannot be divided into simpler substance by ordinary means

nucleus at centre an negative charged electrons orbiting nucleus

number of protons determines the element

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7
Q

protons 1

A

subatomic particles with positive charge

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8
Q

neutrons 1

A

subatomic particles with no charge

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9
Q

molecules 2

A

chemical combination with two or more atoms in definite fixed proportions (H2O)

elemental and compound

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10
Q

elemental molecule 3

A

chemical combination of atoms of the same element in fixed proportions

air= O2
ozone= O3

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11
Q

compound molecule2

A

chemical compounds of 2 or more atoms of different elements in a fixed proportion

table salt= 1 atom of sodium (Na) and one atom of chlorines (Cl) = NaCl

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12
Q

2 ways matter can be changed

A

physical forces causing physical change

chemical reactions causing chemical changes. `

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13
Q

physical change 3

A

form is changed without becoming a new substance, no chemical reactions

solid ice melting into water, then converts to steam with heat

nail polish applied, solvent evaporates leaving film

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14
Q

chemical change 4

A

change in the chemical composition or makeup of substance

chemical reactions resulting in new makeup combining or subtracting certain elements

creates different chemical and physical properties

reactions of acids and alkalis (neutralization) with heat forms water by chemical change

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15
Q

physical properties
2

A

characteristics determined without chemical reaction and do not involve chemical change.

color, odor, weight, density etc.

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16
Q

chemical properties 2

A

characteristics determined with a chemical reactions involving chemical change in substance.

change in identity- iron rusting, wood burning, etc.

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17
Q

Pure Substances 4

A

chemical combination of matter in definite (fixed) proportions

have unique properties

most substances do not sit in a pure state

water- H2O and salt- NaCl

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18
Q

physical Mixture 5

A

physical combination of matter in any proportion

properties are combined properties of substances in the mixture

most product we use are physical mixtures

solutions, suspensions and emulsions

salt water - mix of slat and water and is salty and wet

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19
Q

uniform and non uniform physical mixtures 2

A

uniform- air, salt water, hydrogen peroxide

non uniform- most beauty products

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20
Q

solution 2

A

a stable uniform mixtures of 2 or more substances

do not separate when left still

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21
Q

solute 1

A

the substance that is dissolved in a solution

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22
Q

solvent 1

A

the substance that dissolves the solute making the solution

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23
Q

miscible liquids 2

A

mutually soluble - can be mixed together to form solutions and will stay mixed

water and alcohol in nail polish remover

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24
Q

immiscible liquids 3

A

not capable of being mixed to form stable solutions.

can be mixed but will separate when left still - water and oil

when immiscible liquids are combined it is a suspension

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25
Q

suspensions 4

A

unstable physical mixtures of undissolved particles in a liquid separate over time

contain large and fewer miscible particles , not large enough to quickly settle to the bottom

not usually transparent

glitter and nail polish, separates and needs to be mixed before use.

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26
Q

emulsions 3

A

unstable physical mixture of 2 or more immiscible substances, AND an special ingredient called an emulsifier.

special type of suspension as they do separate but usually slowly over a long period of time.

properly stored can be stable up to 3 years- but should be used within 1 year

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27
Q

emulsifiers 1

A

ingredient that brings two normally incompatible materials together combining them into uniform fairly stable mixture.

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28
Q

differences between solutions, suspensions and surfactants chart (5 each column)

A

solutions:
- miscible
- no surfactant
- small particles
- stable mixture
- usually clear

suspensions:
- slightly miscible
- no surfactant
- larger particles
- unstable, temporary mixture
- usually cloudy

emulsions:
- immiscible
- surfactant
- largest particles
- limited stability through emulsifier
- usually solid color

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29
Q

surfactants 2

A

substances that allow oil and water to mix/emulsify

type of emulsifier

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30
Q

surfactant molecule 2 distinct parts

A

head= Hydrophilic= water loving- capable of combining with and attracting water

tail= lipophilic= oil loving- attraction to fat/oils

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31
Q

oil in water emulsions 2

A

oil droplets are emulsified in water as they are surrounded by surfactant lipophilic tails pointing inwards and head (hydrophilic) pointing outwards

oil in water does not feel as greasy because oil is hidden and water forms outer parts

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32
Q

water in oil emulsions

A

water droplets are emulsified in oil surrounded by surfactant hydrophilic heads pointing in and tails out

water forms inner part of emulsion and oils is outer- makes a greasy feeling.

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33
Q

ointments 3

A

physical mixture

semi-solid

made with any combination of petrolatum, oil and wax

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34
Q

powders 1

A

physical mixture of 2 solids

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35
Q

common chemical product ingredients 6

A
  • volatile alcohols
  • alkanolamines
  • ammonia
  • glycerin
  • silicones
  • volatile organic compounds (VOC)
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36
Q

volatile alcohols 2

A

evaporate easily

isopropyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol

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37
Q

alkanolamines 2

A
  • alkaline substances used to neutralize acids or raise the pH of many hair products

often used in place of ammonia

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38
Q

ammonia 4

A

colorless with pungent odour

composed of nitrogen and hydrogen in water solution - ammonia water

used to raise pH

can irritate skin

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39
Q

glycerin 2

A
  • sweet colourless, oily substance

used as solvent and moisturizer

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40
Q

silicone 3

A

special type of oil used in hair conditioners, water resistant lubricants for skin and nail polish dryers

less greasy than many other oils

can give silky, smooth feel to skin and shine to hair

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41
Q

volatile organic compounds (VOC) 3

A

compounds that contain carbon (organic) and evaporate very easily (volatile)

liquids or soifs used in consumer products that turn into as when exposed to hair/sunlight

ethyl alcohol

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42
Q

overexposure principle 3

A

toxicity-related to how substance is used

prolonged repetitive use can have effects

overexposure determined toxicity

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43
Q

pH 4

A

potential hydrogen

p= quantity

H= hydrogen ions

= quantity of hydrogen ions

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44
Q

ion 1

A

atom or molecule that carries an electrical charge

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45
Q

ionization 1

A

separation of atom/molecule into positive/negative ions

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46
Q

anion 1

A

ion with a negative charge

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47
Q

cation 1

A

ion with a positive charge

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48
Q

water ionization and pH what scale is measuring 4

A

in pure water some water molecules naturally ionize into hydrogen ions and some into hydroxide ions

hydrogen ion (H+) is acidic

hydroxide (OH-) is alkaline

pH scale measures the quantity of hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions within a substance

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49
Q

what kind of solutions have pH/can be measured for pH 2

A

only aqueous solution have pH, without water there is no pH

Non-aqueous (oil and alcohol) do not have a

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50
Q

pure water pH 2

A

same amount of hydrogen and hydroxide ions

neutral - 50% acidic 50% alkaline

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51
Q

pH and acne 3

A

Propionibacterium acnes is found on everyones skin and when levels are higher people are more prone to breaking out

P.Acnes minimal pH of 5.5

more alkaline environment allows p.acnes to thrive- 5.5 soaps are best for acne

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52
Q

acidic solution 4

A

pH below 7 (0-6)

hair and skin have pH of 5

owe chemical reactivity to hydrogen ion (H+)

AHA, Thioglycolic acids, glycolic acid

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53
Q

alkaline/base solution4

A

pH above 7 (8-14)

owe chemical reactivity to hydroxide ions (OH-)

feel slippery and soapy on skin

sodium hydroxide

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54
Q

neutral solution 1

A

pH of 7

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55
Q

the pH scale 5

A

measure of acidity and alkalinity of substance

0-14

> 7 is acidic

<7 is alkaline

7=neutral

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56
Q

logarithm 3

A

multiples of 10s

pH scale is logarithmic, change in one whole number represents tenfold of change, 2 whole number is 10x10/100fold change

ph of 8 is 10x more alkaline then 7

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57
Q

neutralization reactions 1

A

mixing acids and alkalis in equal proportions equals water

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58
Q

oxidation-reduction 3

A

AKA redox reactions

reaction where oxidization and reduction takes place at the same time

when oxygen is chemically combined with substance it is oxidized when oxygen is chemically removed from substance it is reduced.

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59
Q

exothermic 1

A

chemical reactions that are characterized by the release of heat produced from oxidation reaction

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60
Q

factors that can affect pH (acidic Mantle ) 8

A
  • cosmetics
  • skincare
  • genetics and age
  • antibacterial products
  • sebum and sweat
  • digestion,
  • hormones,
  • metabolism
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61
Q

where does pH balancing take place 1

A

kidneys -filters acids and bases

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62
Q

oxidizing agent 1

A

substance that releases oxygen

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63
Q

reducing agent 1

A

substance that adds hydrogen to a chemical compound or subtracts oxygen from the compound

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64
Q

combustion 1

A

rapid oxidation of substance accompanied by heat and light

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65
Q

endothermic reaction 1

A

chemical reaction that requires the absorption of energy or heat from an external source for reaction to occur.

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66
Q

toner for pH 2

A

keeps bacteria in line with skin pH

works as a double cleanse because they remove impurities.

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67
Q

pH of moisturizers

A

5-7

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68
Q

pH of serums

A

4-6

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69
Q

ascorbic acid vitamin C serums pH and why

A

2.6-3.2

helps exfoliate skin

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70
Q

AHA/BHA pH why

A

3-4 accelerate exfoliation

71
Q

peptides and proteins about their pH 2

A

don’t like extreme pH and low pH will destroy them.

anything below 4 or higher than 7 should be avoided.

72
Q

alkaline skin 3

A

decreased hydration
aging
eczema flares

73
Q

acidic skin 2

A

redness
inflammation

74
Q

our acid mantle contains and why 2

A

has amino acids, lactic acids and sebum

is a little acidic to keep it moisturized and protected from bacteria.

75
Q

surfactants In cleansers 2

A

create foam reaction when mixed with water

hydrophobic/lipophilic tail catch oil and debris from skin

76
Q

types of surfactants 2

A

non ionic surfactants

anionic surfactants/alkaline surfactants

cationic/acidic surfactants

amphoteric surfactants

detergents

emulsifiers

77
Q

non-ionic surfactants 2

A

mild in nature

often preferred ingredient in cosmetics that do not have foaming/lathering properties

78
Q

anionic surfactants/alkaline surfactants 4

A

commonly used in cosmetics

inexpensive and have good foaming properties

negatively charged= good at removing oils and dirt from skin surface.

can also be harsh or irritating to the skin

79
Q

cationic surfactant/acidic surfactant 3

A

positive charge

not effective as detergents and not used in cleansers

effective carrier for damaged skin and hair (conditioner)

80
Q

amphoteric surfactants 6

A

positive and negative charge in solution

can adjust pH of environment they are added to

can have calming effects on skin

less irritating to skin and eyes - baby products

more expensive

not high foaming

81
Q

surfactants and emulsifiers in products 3

A

surfactants can be used as emulsifiers stabilizing the mixture of 2 immiscible/insoluble liquids for prolonged period

foaming agent

commonly used in creams, lotions, conditioners, shaving creams,

82
Q

foaming agents 2

A

enhance lather or bubble formation

sharing creams- helps soften the stubble

83
Q

thickening agents 4

A

interact with other ingredients in formulation increase viscosity

results in thickening of product

body lotions, conditioners, mascara

natural (pectin) and synthetic thickeners (polyacrylamide)

84
Q

wetting or dispersing agents/surfactants 4

A

reduce the intramolecular forces at the liquid interface

facilitate spread and penetration of the products containing them into the depths of skin and hair

wetting/dispersion agents are most used surfactants in cosmetics

antiperspirants, coloured cosmetics, metal oxide based sunscreen

85
Q

opacifiers in surfactants 2

A

some surfactants can have formulation opaque by absorbing light, making surface applied on look brighter

commonly used in makeup formulations

86
Q

conditioners in surfactants 2

A

cationic surfactants can form resilient, protective coating on skin and hair surface

commonly incorporated into makeup/hair products

87
Q

preservatives in surfactants 1

A

due to bactericidal properties surfactants can be used as preservatives to prolong shelf life

88
Q

occlusives 2

A

oily materials that create thin coating on skin

petrolatum, mineral oils, dimenthicone

89
Q

emollients ingredients 2

A

are like occlusive ingredients

oils, butters, waxes and esters

90
Q

humectants 2

A

materials such as honey, aloe, glycerin

typically mild

91
Q

gas 3

A

state of matter

particles that have neither a defined volume nor defined shape

very different from vapours

92
Q

vapour 2

A

formed when liquids evaporate into air

evaporation is change from liquid to vapour

any liquid can be heated into vapour

93
Q

fumes 2

A

blend of soot-like particles mixed with vapour

result form burning substances such as candles, incense, cigs, gasoline

94
Q

evaporation coatings 5

A

nail polishes, base coats, and top coats have no chemical reaction

work strictly by evaporation

ingredients are volatile or quick-evaporating solvents-

special polymers that dissolve -not cross linked so dissolve easily

leaves behind smooth polymer film

95
Q

preventing over exposure 3

A
  • proper ventilation

properly fitted dust masks- N95 recommended

masks not effective against vapours and don’t replace proper ventilation

96
Q

Nail wraps chemical 1

A

Cyanoacrylate Monomer

97
Q

nails wraps hardener and wraps forms

A

hardeners- spray, drops, powder

wraps- fibreglass, resin, silk, apper

98
Q

Photo-chromatic Ultraviolet 2

A

sensitive compound which darkens on exposure to sunlight

99
Q

chemicals in nail tips/acrylics 4

A

Cyanoacrylate Monomers

Methacrylate Powder

Tertiary Atomatic Amines

methyl Methacrylate Monomer (MMA) BANNED

100
Q

Thermo-chromatic Colour 2

A

colour change induced by temperature

lighter colour when cold and darker when warm

101
Q

Magnetic Nail products 2

A

contain iron powder

magnet held close to the nail to formulate the iron powder in desired pattern before evaporation of solvent

102
Q

TSFR 3

A

toluene-sulfonamide-formaldehyde-resin

most common cause of allergic contact dermatitis

toxin free is better but hypoallergenic has increase polish peeling

103
Q

product removal 3

A
  • most damaging service that can be done, even when correct

complete removal causes drying and damage to plate

best to leave enhancements in place maintained and only remove when client doesn’t want them anymore.

104
Q

how many times a year can enhancement removal become damaging 1

A

3-4 times a year

105
Q

nail coatings 1

A

products that cover nail plate with a hardened film

106
Q

two main types of nail coatings 2

A

coatings that cure/polymerize- enhancements, UV gel- chemical reactions

coatings that harden upon evaporation- nail polish, top coats, base coats- physical reactions

107
Q

adhesion 3

A

force of nature that takes 2 surfaces stick together

molecules on one surface are attracted to molecules on another

oils can contaminate- which is why clean dry surface is needed.

108
Q

adhesive 2

A

chemical that causes two surfaces to stick together

allow incompatible surfaces to join

109
Q

nail primer 1

A

substance that improves adhesion

110
Q

polymers 3

A

molecules in product join into extremely long chains

can be liquids but usually solid

proteins are polymers- making a nail plate a polymer

111
Q

polymerization 3

A

the chemical reaction that makes polymers

aka curing, hardening, cure

begins with ingredient called initiator

112
Q

monomers 2

A

the individual molecules that join to makeup polymers

amino acids join to make keratin= polymer aka nail plate

113
Q

initiator molecules 5

A

attach selves to tail end of monomer and passing energy along- domino reaction

causes chain to get longer

becomes tangled and knotted- product thickens

chains become much too crowded t freely move and product has become mass of microscopic chains

this is when surface is hard enough to file.

114
Q

thermal initiators. 1

A

used by liquid and powder systems to gather energy from the heat of the room/hand.

115
Q

photo initiators 1

A

used by UV curing products that derive their extra energy when exposed to UV

116
Q

catalyst 1

A

substance that speeds up a chemical reactions by making initiators work more efficiently or helping chemical reactions happen easily.

117
Q

oligomers 3

A

short chain of monomers that has had chain growth halted before it becomes polymer

useful because can be joined quickly and easily Inyo long chains to create polymers

give UV gels sticky consistency allowing hardening in 2-3min not hrs

118
Q

simple polymer chains 6

A

wraps tips adhesives- monomers attached head to tail

tangles chains are easily unraveled by solvents

can also be unraveled by force

easily damaged by sharp impacts or heavy stresses

dyes and stains can also get lodged between tangles

nail polishes, marker in, foods

119
Q

cross linker 4

A

monomer that joins different polymer chains together (Uv gels, monomer liquid, polymer powder)

creates strong net-like polymers resulting in 3d structure of strength and flexibility- nail enhancement

increase strength of natural and nail enhancements and more resistant to staining

more resistance to solvents and harder to remove.

120
Q

polymers used in other cosmetics 7

A

thickeners

hair products

moisturizers and conditioners

emulsifiers , protective barriers

mascara

nail enamels

waterproof sunscreen

121
Q

nail enhancement adhesion tips 5

A
  • scrubs surface oils and debris

nail dehydrators WITHIN 30 mins of apply product

do not need to rough up nails but remove surface shine to prevent lifting

thin nail plates are weak

overfilling damages plate and tissue below

122
Q

cosmeceuticals 3

A

over the counter drugs with lower dose of active ingredients meeting definition of cosmetics and drugs

professional skin care including pharmaceutical grade ingredients

  • acne cleanser (cosmetic-cleanse, drug-treat acne)
123
Q

natural vs synthetic ingredients 4

A

natural products have powerful skin benefits how ever some most effective ingredients are not natural;

synthetic have advantages - no use of pesticides no footprint

many combine both to get both benefits

example- hyaluronic acid from rooster combs but synthetic is more stable

124
Q

functional ingredients 2

A

do not affect appearance of skin but needed for formulation

allow spreading, give body and texture, and form- lotion, cream, gel.

125
Q

common functional ingredients 10

A

water

emollient’s

surfactants

delivery system

preservatives

fragrances

color agents

thickeners

pH adjusters

solvents

126
Q

performance ingredients 2

A

cause the actual changes in the skin

active ingredients - term used to indicate ingredients that chemically cease physiological changes

127
Q

ingredients- water (category and purpose) 3

A

category- functional and/or performance

purpose- as functional
- keeps ingredients in a solution acting as a vehicle

purpose- as performance
- replenished moisture on surface

128
Q

products that do not contain water name and examples 3

A

anhydrous

oil based serums, silicone serums, petrolatum based

aloe vera often used as vehicle instead of water

129
Q

ingredients - emollients (category and purpose) 7 total

A

category- functional and performance

purpose- as functional
- help place , spread and keep other substances on the skin

purpose as performance-
- lubricates skin and guard the barrier function
- one of most common performance
- made of lipids (fat, oil, wax)
- prevent dehydration

rich or light in consistency

130
Q

types of emollients 5

A

oils from mineral sources (earth) or botanical sources (plants)

silicones

fatty acids

fatty alcohols

fatty esters

131
Q

oil from mineral sources 4

A

fro the earth- highly redefined and purified petroleum sources

non reactive and biologically inert

can be used with no added preservatives

liquid paraffin, mineral oil, petrolatum

132
Q

oils from botanical sources 3

A

from plants

vary in fatty acid content and heaviness

coconut oil, palm oil, organ oil,, and hemp seed oil

133
Q

emollient silicones 3

A

chemically combined oils with silicone and oxygen

noncomedogenic protective film on surface

can also be vehicle

134
Q

fatty acid emollient 3

A

lubricant derived from plant oils or animal fats

no irritating

oleic acid, stearic acid

135
Q

fatty alcohol emollient’s 3

A

fatty acids that have been exposed to hydrogen

not drying, wax-like consistency

acetyl and lauryl, sterile alcohols

136
Q

fatty ester emollient’s 3

A

combined fatty acids and fatty alcohols

often feel better than natural oils and lubricate evenly

glycerol stearate, isopropyl my striate

137
Q

delivery systems category and purpose 2

A

category- functional ingredient

purpose-
- used to distribute a products key performance ingredients into skin once applied

138
Q

types of delivery systems 3

A

vehicles
liposomes
polymers

139
Q

delivery systems; polymers 2

A

chemical compounds formed by several small molecules .

used in advanced vehicles that release ingredients onto skin surface at microscopically controlled rate.

140
Q

delivery systems- liposomes 2

A

fluid like spheres filled with performance ingredients.

brings ingredients to targeted depth of skin and slowly releases protecting quality and integrity

141
Q

delivery systems-vehicles1

A

carry/deliver other ingredients into skin making more effective

142
Q

traditional preservatives1

A

include formaldehyde releaser and parabens

143
Q

preservative- organic acids and natural alternatives1

A

protection form growth of bacteria and fungi

144
Q

preservatives - antioxidants1

A

extends the shelf life of a product and reduces rate of oxidization

145
Q

preservatives- chelating agents 1

A

boosts efficacy of preservatives by breaking down cell walls of bacteria and other organisms

146
Q

fragrances category and purpose 2

A

category- functional ingredient

purpose-
- mask, neutralize, improve unpleasant smells

147
Q

types of fragrances 3

A

synthetic- combining chemical ingredients- listed as fragrance

natural - botanicals comprise basic elements of natural scents . aromatherapy (highly concentrated)

aromatherapy - derived from ancient practices of using natural plant to promote health and well-being

148
Q

thickener category and purpose 2

A

category - functional

purpose -
- gives specific consistency

149
Q

pH adjusters category and function 2

A

category- functional

purpose - buffering/stabalizing products to prevent changes in pH- acids and alkaline used to adjust

150
Q

solvents category and purpose 2

A

category- functional

purpose -
- added to help dissolve other ingredients

151
Q

exfoliation ingredients category and function 3

A

category - performance

purpose- exfoliate- brightening, penetration
- mechanic or chemical (dissolve dead skin cells) ingredients to exfoliate

152
Q

lighteners and brighteners category and purpose 3

A

category- performance

purpose-
brightening- provide.maintain natural radiance and glow
lightening- improve discolouration in skin

153
Q

humectants, hydrators and hydrophilic agents 1

A

ingredients that attract water to skins surface

154
Q

antioxidants 2

A

effective for all skin types and conditions

  • protects from : free radicals and pollution, stress, uv and blue light
155
Q

vitamin A 1

A

antioxidant

156
Q

vitamin C 1

A

stimulates collagen

157
Q

vitamin E 1

A
  • strengthens skin natural barrier
158
Q

b vitamins 1

A

deeply hydrate soothe and heal

159
Q

vitamin k 2

A

improve stretch marks, spider veins, scars

also good eye area product

160
Q

minerals 1

A

optimal health and functioning

161
Q

peptides 5

A

brightening,
barrier function,
hydration,
reduce swelling under eyes,
antimicrobial

162
Q

ceramides 3

A

restore moisture,
reinforce skin barrier and help against harm
restore lipids

163
Q

botanical oils 2 and plant stem cells 3

A

rich in essential fatty acids ,
healthy barrier functions

plant stem cells - protect stem cells from UV stress, inflammation, free radicals

164
Q

probiotics 2

A

latest breakthrough for one, rosacea and eczema

balance and retain healthy bacteria

165
Q

growth factors/cytokines 4

A

protein ingredients regulate cell growth

tissue repair and regeneration

important part in healing and maintaining healthy skin, elasticity, firmness

sources can come from human cells grown in labs or plants

166
Q

ingredients for all skin types 4

A

daily ingredients- antioxidants, vitamins, minerals and physical sunscreen ingredients

167
Q

treatment 1 and ingredients 3 for combination skin

A

treatment- maintain healthy balance of water and oil

ingredients- emollients, humectants, oil balancing/regulating

168
Q

treatment 2 and ingredients 2 for dehydrated skin

A

treatments- restore internal skin hydration and prevent tewl

ingredients - humectants, light to rich emollients based on skin type

169
Q

treatment 3 and ingredients 3 for dry skin

A

treatment- provide moisture, replenishing and skin restoring ingredients

ingredients- ceramides, emollients, humectants

170
Q

treatment 4 and ingredients 5 for oily skin

A

treatment- reduce activity of oil glands, promote oil-water balance, prevent clogged pores

ingredients- hydroxy acids, humectants/light emollients, oil balancing/regulating, clarifying, detoxifying

171
Q

treatments 5 and ingredients 10 for acne/problem skin

A

treatments- reduce overactivity of oil glands, promote oil-water balance, prevent clogged pores, inhibit bacteria, reduce inflammation

ingredients- antibacterial, antiinflammatory, soothing, humectant/light emollients, oil balance, clarifying, detoxifying, retinoids, topical probiotics

172
Q

treatments 3 and ingredients 4 for hyperpigmentation

A

treatment- reduce inflammation, reduce pigment areas, minimize melanin production

ingredients - anti-inflammatory, soothing, retinoid, lighteners/brighteners

173
Q

treatment 4 and ingredients 6 for mature/aging

A

treatment- address skin condition, increase collagen synthesis, improve appearance

ingredients- ceramides, humectants/emolients, growth factors, vitamin C, peptides and retinoids

Esthetic Science (4 decks)

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