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BISC 111 > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is microevolution

A

the change in the genetic characteristics (allele frequency) of a population over time

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2
Q

what is macroevolution

A

the evolution of larger taxonomic groups over long periods of time

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3
Q

who was Alfred Russell Wallace

A

the British guy who proposed that natural selection was the mechanism for evolution and proposed warning coloration

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4
Q

what are transitional features

A

features in species that link them to older species (like fins going to limbs) which help scientists identify how lineages worked

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5
Q

what are homologies

A

shared physiological traits and genetics such as structural similarities, developmental similarities, genetic similarities

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6
Q

what is fitness

A

the relative ability of an individual to produce offspring that will survive

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7
Q

what is artificial selection

A

breeding

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8
Q

who are rosemary and Peter grant

A

recorded beak size and shape and body size of finches in the Galapagos before and after drought –> determined heritability of certain trains, looked at natural selection

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9
Q

what is a genome

A

a set of all genetic information (DNA) in a population

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10
Q

what is adaptation

A

evolving of a whole population to do better in an environment

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11
Q

what is acclimation

A

change on an individual level, usually not passed one

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12
Q

is evolution goal oriented

A

…no

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13
Q

whats phenotype

A

physical characteristics

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14
Q

whats genotype

A

genetic characteristics (AABb etc)

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15
Q

what are alleles

A

variants of a gene

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16
Q

whats diploid

A

you get one copy of a gene (allele) from mom and one from dad

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17
Q

whats a benefit to being diploid

A

if one gene fails you have another

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18
Q

what are the 4 ways natural selection can change a population

A

directional, stabilizing, disruptive, balancing

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19
Q

whats directional natural selection

A

changes the average value of a trait (beak size increasing)

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20
Q

whats a histogram

A

a graph where data points are grouped by value and shown as bars

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21
Q

whats stabilizing NS

A

reduces the amount of variation (skinner bell)

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22
Q

whats disruptive NS

A

increases the amount of variation

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23
Q

whats balancing NS

A

where no allele has an advantage so they balance out

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24
Q

whats sexual selection

A

where individuals have differing abilities to attract mates and mate

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25
Q

what are the two types of sexual selection

A

male-male competition, female choice

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26
Q

whats genetic drift

A

random effects (bug being stepped on, natural disaster, randomness of reproduction) that cause changes in the genome but not adaptation

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27
Q

does genetic drift increase or decrease genetic variation

A

decrease

28
Q

does genetic drift increase or decrease genetic differences between populations

A

increases

29
Q

whats gene flow

A

when individuals move between populations and interbreed

30
Q

does gene flow increase or decrease genetic variation

A

increases

31
Q

does gene flow increase or decrease genetic differences between populations

A

decreases (homogenizes populations)

32
Q

do mutations increase or decrease genetic diversity

A

increase

33
Q

why do mutations show up so much in bacteria populations

A

horizontal gene flow

34
Q

are mutations consequential for evolution

A

only if they provide a fitness advantage, which is rare

35
Q

what is the Hardy-Weinberg equation for

A

determining the frequency of alleles in a population

36
Q

in the hardy-weinberg equation, what does p stand for

A

the frequency of the dominant allele

37
Q

in the hardy-weinberg equation, what does p2 stand for

A

the portion of the population with the homozygous dominant genotype

38
Q

in the hardy-weinberg equation, what does q stand for

A

the frequency of the recessive allele

39
Q

in the hardy-weinberg equation, what does q2 stand for

A

the portion of the population with the homozygous recessive genotype

40
Q

in the hardy-weinberg equation, what does 2pq stand for

A

the portion of the population with the heterozygous genotype

41
Q

does inbreeding increase or decrease the frequency of heterozygotes

A

decreases

42
Q

whats a biological species

A

members have the potential to interbreed in nature and produce fertile offspring

43
Q

whats a morphospecies

A

members share morphological features (physical traits that are distinguishable)

44
Q

whats a phylogenetic species

A

members share an ancestor and can be distinguished from other sets

45
Q

what are the two major groups of reproductive barriers

A

prezygotic and postzygotic barriers

46
Q

name the 5 types of prezygotic reproductive barriers

A

habitat isolation (deep water fish vs shallow), temporal isolation (mating occurs at different times), behavioral isolation (different mating dances), mechanical isolation (mating physically doesnt work), gametic isolation (gametes fail to attract each other or are inviable (sperm cant get to egg))

47
Q

name the 3 types of post zygotic reproductive barriers

A

reduced hybrid viability (offspring die), reduced hybrid fertility (offspring can’t mate), hybrid breakdown (offspring of offspring aren’t fertile or viable)

48
Q

whats allopatric speciation by dispersal

A

dispersal and colonization (some leave the population and go somewhere else and start a new population), then genetic drift and selection cause the two populations to be isolated

49
Q

whats allopatric speciation by vicariance

A

chance separation (flood, fire, road, etc), then genetic drift and selection, so two populations are isolated

50
Q

whats adaptive radiation and what kind of geography is it common in

A

basically a species boom, when there’s rapid evolution that causes speciation as species occupy new niches, common on island chains

51
Q

whats sympatric speciation

A

no separation of the population, just genetic drift and selection within the population that separates it into two (such as mating times separating) `

52
Q

whats homoploid hybridization

A

speciation due to differing traits in hybrid offspring (hybrids become their own species)

53
Q

whats convergent evolution

A

when the same adaptive radiation offers in different places (the same species evolve independently from each other)

54
Q

what is species richness

A

the number of species there are

55
Q

what is biodiversity/species diversity

A

the number of species and their relative abundance

56
Q

whats the benchmark for a mass extinction

A

60% of species wiped out within 1 million years

57
Q

how many mass extinctions have there been

A

5

58
Q

whats an endemic species

A

confined to a single area

59
Q

whats an autotroph

A

an organism that can feed itself (takes very simple nutrients like sunlight, CO2)

60
Q

what type of producer are plants

A

primary producers (feed whole ecosystem)

61
Q

what are the two types of plant parasites

A

obligate (have to be parasites) and facultative (are parasites only when necessary)

62
Q

why are some plants carnivores

A

need more nitrogen

63
Q

how do plants store food

A

in the form of starch

64
Q

what are the cell walls of plants made of

A

cellulose

65
Q

do plants reproduce sexually or asexually

A

both

66
Q
A

BISC 111 (10 decks)

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