TEST 1 Flashcards
Prokaryote size
.5-10 um
eukaryote size
5-100um
metabolic rate of prokaryotes
inversely related to size
as cell size increases so does the need for
structures that facilitate active transport
if small enough diffusion may be enough to support metabolism
Robert Hooke
made first description of microorganisms using microscop
leeuwenhoek
first person to see bacteria
magnification
capasity of microscope to enlarge image
resolution
ability to distinguish two objects as distinct objects
koch
1)created germ theory of infection disease
2) proved diseases came from bacteria using kochs postulate
3) created agar plates/petri dishes w/associates
4) first to culture tuberculosis
Pasteur
1)found isomers/microbes can choose isomers
2)found microbes make fermentation
3)opposed spontaneous generation
4) found sterile objects don’t decompose/putrify
5)vaccine for anthrax rabies cholera
Winogradsky
1)proved bacteria could live off inorganic compounds
2)proved bacteria got carbon from CO2 and energy from light
3)found most bacteria dont grow on agar plates
Beijerinck
1)Made enrichment culture technique
2)first to view virus (of tobacco)
3) first to isolate green algae, nitrogen fixing bacteria, and sulfate reducing bacteria
Enrichment cultures
employ techniques that selectively encourage growth of specific microbes
chemolithotrophy
metabolic process in which energy for growth is produced by only inorganic compounds
oxidation of inorganic compounds occurs
archea membrane
have ether linkages from phospholipid head to tail
major lipids are isoprenes not fatty acids
also has ring structures
aseptic technique
practices that create and maintain sterile media
bacillus
pill shaped
Coccus
spherical
disinfection
elimiation of vegatative forms of microorganisms besides bacterial spores
Eukaryotes
large
5-200um
has organelles, many plasma membranes
linear DNA in nucleus
reproduces many ways
integral membrane proteins
proteins embedded into membrane
light microscopes
compound light, bright field
peripheral membrane proteins
loosly attached proteins to membrane
prokaryote/eukaryote membrane
8-10nm
has ester linkage on phospholipid tail to head
Prokaryotes
small
.2-5um
circular chromosome
DNA aggregates in part of cell
has plasmid
no organelles
scanning electron microscope
3D image of surrounding area of microorganism
spirillium
flexible spiral
spirochete
rigid spiral
transmission electron microscope
views inside microorganism
2D image
Bacterial/Eukaryotic Membrane
phospholipid bilayer
fatty acid tail
amphiphathic
when a integral protein crosses external/internal environment, it has to have both hydrophobic/philic parts
Archeal Membranes
Ether linkages between head an tails
can have rings in tails
uses isoprenes instead of fatty acids
simple transport
driven by diffusion of protons
symport
solute & H+ are transported in 1 direction
antiport
solute & H+ are transported in opposite direction
Active transport methods
simple transport
group translocation
ABC system
Group translocation
substance is chemically modified
ATP drives transport (usually)
ABC transporter
-ATP has a binding site
-ATP drives uptake of substance
binding proteins guides substance into transporter protein into cell
Gram positive meaning
inner membrane + outer thick cell wall
Gram negative meaning
inner membrane
cell wall
outer membrane
+ periplasm in between cell wall and membranes
Peptidoglycan
found in all bacteria w/cell wall
not found in archea/eukarya
has B 1-4 linkages in sugar backbone
can be destroyed by lysozyme
Psedomurein
found in archeal cell wall
has B 1-3 linkages in sugar backbone
cant be destroyed by lysozyme
Lipopolysaccharide
-out layer of most gram negative cells
-second lipid bilayer
-facilitates surface recognition/strength
contains porins (transport proteins)
capsules
polysaccaride coat tightly attached around the cell membrane
slime layer
loosly attached and easily deformed polysaccaride layer around cell membrane
Functions of slime and capsule coats
-prevents dehydration
-helps attach to surfaces
-helps infectivity by preventing destruction by host organisms immune responce
type 4 pili functions
adhere to host tissues and support twitching motility
pili are produced by what bacteria
all gram negative and gram positive bacteria
pellicles
sheets of bacteria on liquid surface
overall pili functions
enables bacteria to form biofilms
Fimbriae
short pili mediating attachment
(what you think of normally when you think of micropili)
Conjugative/sex pili
allows for horizontal gene transfer that requires cell to cell contact
hami
“grappling hooks” assist in surface attachment, forming
biofilms.
Found in archaea only
cell inclusion
-prokaryotic only
-energy/carbon/phosphorous reserve in cytoplasm
-membrane enclosed
-reduces osmotic stress
PHB
used for carbon storage
broken down as needed
found in cytoplasm
phosphate, sulfure and carbonate mineral inclusions
inclusion bodies carrying those same atoms
made in excess
broken down when limited
can reside in cyto and periplasm
Gas vesicles
-provides buoyancy
-lets bacteria float to surface for max light exposure for photosynthesis
-permeable to gas not water
endospores
dormant cells resistant to heat, radiation, chemicals, drying and lack of nutrients
Found ONLY in gram positive bacteria
endospore formation
-normal cells grow endospore during time of excess
-will be dormant until lack of nutrient availability occurs
-once triggered, it turns into a normal cell quickly
endospore formation steps
activation, germination, outgrowth
polar flagella
flagella one or many are anchored to one end of cell
lophotrichous
several flagella anchored to one spot
amphitichous
several flagella anchored to the two poles of the cell membrane
peritrichous
several flagella anchored around all sides of membrane
flagella structure
-rigid and helical
-reversible rotating machine
-uses proton diffusion to rotate flagella
-filament (tail)
-hook (connects tail to motor)
-basal body (motor)
archella
-smaller than flagella
-related more to pili than flagella
-uses atp to move
-moves slower than flagella
surface motility
slower than swimming
requires type 4 pili
movement occurs away from colony
steps for surface motility
-extend from one cell pole
-attachment of pili to surface
-retraction of pili pulling cell towards grasping spot
gliding motility
-has helical intracellular protein track with adhesion proteins that allows for smooth motion across surface
chemotaxis
directed movement in response to chemical stimuli
planktonic growth
growth in free floating/swimming cells
sessile growth
growth attached to a surfacea
biofilms
cells attached to a polysaccaride matrix covering a surface
stages of biofilm growth
attachment of planktonic cells
Growth of bacteria and polysaccaride matrix & change of metabolisms
dispersal
Metabolic requirements for all cells
water
carbon and nutrients
free energy
reducing power
anabolic
build up
energonic
exergonic
energy is release
-delta G
endergonic
enery is needed
+delta G
catabolic
breakdown
exergonic
phototrophs
gets energy from light
doesnt need chemicals for energy
can produce O2
chemotrophs
getes energy from chemical reactions
can be aerobic/anaerobic
chemoorganotrophs
gets energy from organic material
chemolithotrophs
gets energy from inorganic material
heterotrophs
gets carbon from organic materials
autotrophs
gets carbon from CO2
reduction potential
tendancy to donate electrons
negative reduction potential
will donate electron
positive electron potential
will accept electron
prosthetic group enzyme
permanantly bound to catalyztic enzyme
coenzymes
loosely bound
leaves and rebinds to catalytic enzyme
glycolysis products
4 ATP
2 pyruvate
2 NADH
two main stages of glycolysis
1-prep phase-forms key intermediate
2-redox phase- energy conserved w pyruvate
enzymes function as what in the cell
catalysts for reactions
pyruvate is made of what
3 carbons
glucose is made of what
6 carbons
glycolysis evolved before what
widespread presence of oxygen
glycolysis and TCA cycle both generate what
NADPH
true or false, in aerobic respiration is glucose is ONLY to be oxidized into pyruvate?
false
TCA cycle products
1 pyruvate is oxidized to 3 CO2
1 ATP
1 FADH
4 NADH
what is made from decarboxylated pyruvate in glycolysis
acetyl coA
products from TCA cycle
oxaloacetate
2 CO2
FADH
Fermentation products
produces NAD from NADH
2 ATP
NADH goes to NAD in fermentation for what reason?
to produce ATP
in respiration what is re-produced from glycolysis
NADH and FADH2
quinones
non protein electron carriers
flavoproteins
-takes 2e- and 2h
donates 2 e
-releases H into cytoplasm for proton gradient
NADH dehydrogenases
turns NADH into NAD+
cytochromes
-proteins that have heme groups
-oxidizes/reduces using its iron group
acyl carrier protein function
holds growing fatty acid chain during synthesis and releases it once finished
typical bacterial fatty acid chain
C12-C20
ATP and NADPH requirements for glucose synthese
18 ATP
12 NADPH
Atmospheric sources of C&N need to be what before being used in cell functions
fixed
nitrogenase
fixes nitrogen
inhibited by oxygen
only used in absense of oxygen
Cellular carbon skeletons are made up of what
intermediates of glycolysis
how are fatty acid chains started
with glycerol
defined media
exact chemical composition known
complex media
composed of digests from organic sources
selective media
has compounds that selectively inhibit all but desired microbe
differential media
contains indicator, detecting metabolic reactions, usually dye
septum
partition between dividing cells
pinches off the cells
generation time
time it takes for cells to double in number
lag phase
time between inoculation of microbe and beginning of growth
exponential phase
doubling at regular intervals
stationary phase
growth rate of population plateaus to zero
death phase
number of cells decrease
usually due to resource scarsity
microbial mats
multilayered sheets with different microbes on each layer
stages of fermentation
organic compound
energy rich compound
oxidized compound
fermentation product
lactic acid fermentation products
2 ATP 2 lactate
substrate level phosphorylation
bond of substrate is directly used to create ATP
oxidative phosphorylation
electrons move from donor to acceptor generating pmf between membranes for ATP generation
photophosphorylation
light is used to form proton gradient between membranes
+ delta G
energy is needed for reaction
endergonic
-delta G
energy is released from reaction
exergonic
viable count methods
spread plate
pour plate
spread plate count method
sample is pipetted onto agar media
sample is spread
sample plate results are counted
pour plate count method
-sample is pipetted onto sterile surface
-molten agar media is added to surface and solidifies with sample
-pour plate results are counted
serial dilutions
successive dilutions needed for dense culture so one can get individual colonies
turbidity
cloudiness of sample due to colony of bacteria scattering light
turbidity measurements measure what
opitcal density of sample
this helps determine population
chemostat
-continuous culture device
-exact amt of new media added
as much as spent media extracted
-controls growth rate and overall yeild
steady state
cell density and medium concentration dont change over time
budding hyphae
-cell develops long thin filament
-end of filament new cell forms
simple budding
-instead of equal growth and dispersion like binary fission
-budding starts with large cell, small cell forms and buds off from it
cardinal temperatures
min max
optimal temperatures
psychrophile
found in very cold climates
mesophile
found in average temp climates
thermophile
found in hot climates
hyperthermophile
found in extremely hot climates
psychrotolerant
can live in cold climates but its optimal temperatures are in average climates
adaptations cells use in cold climates
-short fatty acid chains
-unsaturated
-more alpha helixes than beta sheets in proteins
all budding occurs without what?
a septum
batch culture
where no nutrients/cells are added or removed after initalizing
