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MicroBIO > TEST 1 > Flashcards

TEST 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Prokaryote size

A

.5-10 um

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2
Q

eukaryote size

A

5-100um

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3
Q

metabolic rate of prokaryotes

A

inversely related to size

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4
Q

as cell size increases so does the need for

A

structures that facilitate active transport

if small enough diffusion may be enough to support metabolism

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5
Q

Robert Hooke

A

made first description of microorganisms using microscop

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6
Q

leeuwenhoek

A

first person to see bacteria

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7
Q

magnification

A

capasity of microscope to enlarge image

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8
Q

resolution

A

ability to distinguish two objects as distinct objects

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9
Q

koch

A

1)created germ theory of infection disease
2) proved diseases came from bacteria using kochs postulate
3) created agar plates/petri dishes w/associates
4) first to culture tuberculosis

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10
Q

Pasteur

A

1)found isomers/microbes can choose isomers
2)found microbes make fermentation
3)opposed spontaneous generation
4) found sterile objects don’t decompose/putrify
5)vaccine for anthrax rabies cholera

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11
Q

Winogradsky

A

1)proved bacteria could live off inorganic compounds
2)proved bacteria got carbon from CO2 and energy from light
3)found most bacteria dont grow on agar plates

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12
Q

Beijerinck

A

1)Made enrichment culture technique
2)first to view virus (of tobacco)
3) first to isolate green algae, nitrogen fixing bacteria, and sulfate reducing bacteria

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13
Q

Enrichment cultures

A

employ techniques that selectively encourage growth of specific microbes

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14
Q

chemolithotrophy

A

metabolic process in which energy for growth is produced by only inorganic compounds

oxidation of inorganic compounds occurs

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15
Q

archea membrane

A

have ether linkages from phospholipid head to tail
major lipids are isoprenes not fatty acids
also has ring structures

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16
Q

aseptic technique

A

practices that create and maintain sterile media

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17
Q

bacillus

A

pill shaped

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18
Q

Coccus

A

spherical

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19
Q

disinfection

A

elimiation of vegatative forms of microorganisms besides bacterial spores

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20
Q

Eukaryotes

A

large
5-200um
has organelles, many plasma membranes
linear DNA in nucleus
reproduces many ways

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21
Q

integral membrane proteins

A

proteins embedded into membrane

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21
Q

light microscopes

A

compound light, bright field

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22
Q

peripheral membrane proteins

A

loosly attached proteins to membrane

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23
Q

prokaryote/eukaryote membrane

A

8-10nm
has ester linkage on phospholipid tail to head

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24
Q

Prokaryotes

A

small
.2-5um
circular chromosome
DNA aggregates in part of cell
has plasmid
no organelles

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25
Q

scanning electron microscope

A

3D image of surrounding area of microorganism

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26
Q

spirillium

A

flexible spiral

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27
Q

spirochete

A

rigid spiral

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28
Q

transmission electron microscope

A

views inside microorganism
2D image

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29
Q

Bacterial/Eukaryotic Membrane

A

phospholipid bilayer
fatty acid tail

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30
Q

amphiphathic

A

when a integral protein crosses external/internal environment, it has to have both hydrophobic/philic parts

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31
Q

Archeal Membranes

A

Ether linkages between head an tails
can have rings in tails
uses isoprenes instead of fatty acids

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32
Q

simple transport

A

driven by diffusion of protons

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33
Q

symport

A

solute & H+ are transported in 1 direction

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34
Q

antiport

A

solute & H+ are transported in opposite direction

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35
Q

Active transport methods

A

simple transport
group translocation
ABC system

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36
Q

Group translocation

A

substance is chemically modified
ATP drives transport (usually)

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37
Q

ABC transporter

A

-ATP has a binding site
-ATP drives uptake of substance
binding proteins guides substance into transporter protein into cell

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38
Q

Gram positive meaning

A

inner membrane + outer thick cell wall

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39
Q

Gram negative meaning

A

inner membrane
cell wall
outer membrane
+ periplasm in between cell wall and membranes

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40
Q

Peptidoglycan

A

found in all bacteria w/cell wall
not found in archea/eukarya
has B 1-4 linkages in sugar backbone
can be destroyed by lysozyme

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41
Q

Psedomurein

A

found in archeal cell wall
has B 1-3 linkages in sugar backbone
cant be destroyed by lysozyme

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42
Q

Lipopolysaccharide

A

-out layer of most gram negative cells
-second lipid bilayer
-facilitates surface recognition/strength
contains porins (transport proteins)

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43
Q

capsules

A

polysaccaride coat tightly attached around the cell membrane

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44
Q

slime layer

A

loosly attached and easily deformed polysaccaride layer around cell membrane

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45
Q

Functions of slime and capsule coats

A

-prevents dehydration
-helps attach to surfaces
-helps infectivity by preventing destruction by host organisms immune responce

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46
Q

type 4 pili functions

A

adhere to host tissues and support twitching motility

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47
Q

pili are produced by what bacteria

A

all gram negative and gram positive bacteria

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48
Q

pellicles

A

sheets of bacteria on liquid surface

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49
Q

overall pili functions

A

enables bacteria to form biofilms

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50
Q

Fimbriae

A

short pili mediating attachment
(what you think of normally when you think of micropili)

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51
Q

Conjugative/sex pili

A

allows for horizontal gene transfer that requires cell to cell contact

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52
Q

hami

A

“grappling hooks” assist in surface attachment, forming
biofilms.
Found in archaea only

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53
Q

cell inclusion

A

-prokaryotic only
-energy/carbon/phosphorous reserve in cytoplasm
-membrane enclosed
-reduces osmotic stress

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54
Q

PHB

A

used for carbon storage
broken down as needed
found in cytoplasm

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55
Q

phosphate, sulfure and carbonate mineral inclusions

A

inclusion bodies carrying those same atoms
made in excess
broken down when limited
can reside in cyto and periplasm

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56
Q

Gas vesicles

A

-provides buoyancy
-lets bacteria float to surface for max light exposure for photosynthesis
-permeable to gas not water

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57
Q

endospores

A

dormant cells resistant to heat, radiation, chemicals, drying and lack of nutrients

Found ONLY in gram positive bacteria

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58
Q

endospore formation

A

-normal cells grow endospore during time of excess
-will be dormant until lack of nutrient availability occurs
-once triggered, it turns into a normal cell quickly

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59
Q

endospore formation steps

A

activation, germination, outgrowth

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60
Q

polar flagella

A

flagella one or many are anchored to one end of cell

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61
Q

lophotrichous

A

several flagella anchored to one spot

62
Q

amphitichous

A

several flagella anchored to the two poles of the cell membrane

63
Q

peritrichous

A

several flagella anchored around all sides of membrane

64
Q

flagella structure

A

-rigid and helical
-reversible rotating machine
-uses proton diffusion to rotate flagella
-filament (tail)
-hook (connects tail to motor)
-basal body (motor)

65
Q

archella

A

-smaller than flagella
-related more to pili than flagella
-uses atp to move
-moves slower than flagella

66
Q

surface motility

A

slower than swimming
requires type 4 pili
movement occurs away from colony

67
Q

steps for surface motility

A

-extend from one cell pole
-attachment of pili to surface
-retraction of pili pulling cell towards grasping spot

68
Q

gliding motility

A

-has helical intracellular protein track with adhesion proteins that allows for smooth motion across surface

69
Q

chemotaxis

A

directed movement in response to chemical stimuli

70
Q

planktonic growth

A

growth in free floating/swimming cells

71
Q

sessile growth

A

growth attached to a surfacea

72
Q

biofilms

A

cells attached to a polysaccaride matrix covering a surface

73
Q

stages of biofilm growth

A

attachment of planktonic cells
Growth of bacteria and polysaccaride matrix & change of metabolisms
dispersal

74
Q

Metabolic requirements for all cells

A

water
carbon and nutrients
free energy
reducing power

74
Q

anabolic

A

build up
energonic

74
Q

exergonic

A

energy is release
-delta G

74
Q

endergonic

A

enery is needed
+delta G

74
Q

catabolic

A

breakdown
exergonic

75
Q

phototrophs

A

gets energy from light
doesnt need chemicals for energy
can produce O2

76
Q

chemotrophs

A

getes energy from chemical reactions
can be aerobic/anaerobic

77
Q

chemoorganotrophs

A

gets energy from organic material

78
Q

chemolithotrophs

A

gets energy from inorganic material

79
Q

heterotrophs

A

gets carbon from organic materials

80
Q

autotrophs

A

gets carbon from CO2

81
Q

reduction potential

A

tendancy to donate electrons

82
Q

negative reduction potential

A

will donate electron

83
Q

positive electron potential

A

will accept electron

83
Q

prosthetic group enzyme

A

permanantly bound to catalyztic enzyme

84
Q

coenzymes

A

loosely bound
leaves and rebinds to catalytic enzyme

85
Q

glycolysis products

A

4 ATP
2 pyruvate
2 NADH

86
Q

two main stages of glycolysis

A

1-prep phase-forms key intermediate
2-redox phase- energy conserved w pyruvate

87
Q

enzymes function as what in the cell

A

catalysts for reactions

88
Q

pyruvate is made of what

A

3 carbons

89
Q

glucose is made of what

A

6 carbons

90
Q

glycolysis evolved before what

A

widespread presence of oxygen

91
Q

glycolysis and TCA cycle both generate what

A

NADPH

92
Q

true or false, in aerobic respiration is glucose is ONLY to be oxidized into pyruvate?

A

false

93
Q

TCA cycle products

A

1 pyruvate is oxidized to 3 CO2
1 ATP
1 FADH
4 NADH

94
Q

what is made from decarboxylated pyruvate in glycolysis

A

acetyl coA

95
Q

products from TCA cycle

A

oxaloacetate
2 CO2
FADH

96
Q

Fermentation products

A

produces NAD from NADH
2 ATP

97
Q

NADH goes to NAD in fermentation for what reason?

A

to produce ATP

98
Q

in respiration what is re-produced from glycolysis

A

NADH and FADH2

99
Q

quinones

A

non protein electron carriers

100
Q

flavoproteins

A

-takes 2e- and 2h
donates 2 e
-releases H into cytoplasm for proton gradient

101
Q

NADH dehydrogenases

A

turns NADH into NAD+

102
Q

cytochromes

A

-proteins that have heme groups
-oxidizes/reduces using its iron group

103
Q

acyl carrier protein function

A

holds growing fatty acid chain during synthesis and releases it once finished

104
Q

typical bacterial fatty acid chain

A

C12-C20

105
Q

ATP and NADPH requirements for glucose synthese

A

18 ATP
12 NADPH

106
Q

Atmospheric sources of C&N need to be what before being used in cell functions

A

fixed

107
Q

nitrogenase

A

fixes nitrogen
inhibited by oxygen
only used in absense of oxygen

108
Q

Cellular carbon skeletons are made up of what

A

intermediates of glycolysis

109
Q

how are fatty acid chains started

A

with glycerol

110
Q

defined media

A

exact chemical composition known

111
Q

complex media

A

composed of digests from organic sources

112
Q

selective media

A

has compounds that selectively inhibit all but desired microbe

113
Q

differential media

A

contains indicator, detecting metabolic reactions, usually dye

114
Q

septum

A

partition between dividing cells
pinches off the cells

115
Q

generation time

A

time it takes for cells to double in number

116
Q

lag phase

A

time between inoculation of microbe and beginning of growth

117
Q

exponential phase

A

doubling at regular intervals

118
Q

stationary phase

A

growth rate of population plateaus to zero

119
Q

death phase

A

number of cells decrease
usually due to resource scarsity

120
Q

microbial mats

A

multilayered sheets with different microbes on each layer

121
Q

stages of fermentation

A

organic compound
energy rich compound
oxidized compound
fermentation product

122
Q

lactic acid fermentation products

A

2 ATP 2 lactate

123
Q

substrate level phosphorylation

A

bond of substrate is directly used to create ATP

124
Q

oxidative phosphorylation

A

electrons move from donor to acceptor generating pmf between membranes for ATP generation

125
Q

photophosphorylation

A

light is used to form proton gradient between membranes

126
Q

+ delta G

A

energy is needed for reaction
endergonic

127
Q

-delta G

A

energy is released from reaction
exergonic

128
Q

viable count methods

A

spread plate
pour plate

129
Q

spread plate count method

A

sample is pipetted onto agar media
sample is spread
sample plate results are counted

130
Q

pour plate count method

A

-sample is pipetted onto sterile surface
-molten agar media is added to surface and solidifies with sample
-pour plate results are counted

131
Q

serial dilutions

A

successive dilutions needed for dense culture so one can get individual colonies

132
Q

turbidity

A

cloudiness of sample due to colony of bacteria scattering light

133
Q

turbidity measurements measure what

A

opitcal density of sample
this helps determine population

134
Q

chemostat

A

-continuous culture device
-exact amt of new media added
as much as spent media extracted
-controls growth rate and overall yeild

135
Q

steady state

A

cell density and medium concentration dont change over time

136
Q

budding hyphae

A

-cell develops long thin filament
-end of filament new cell forms

137
Q

simple budding

A

-instead of equal growth and dispersion like binary fission

-budding starts with large cell, small cell forms and buds off from it

138
Q

cardinal temperatures

A

min max
optimal temperatures

139
Q

psychrophile

A

found in very cold climates

140
Q

mesophile

A

found in average temp climates

141
Q

thermophile

A

found in hot climates

142
Q

hyperthermophile

A

found in extremely hot climates

143
Q

psychrotolerant

A

can live in cold climates but its optimal temperatures are in average climates

144
Q

adaptations cells use in cold climates

A

-short fatty acid chains
-unsaturated
-more alpha helixes than beta sheets in proteins

145
Q

all budding occurs without what?

A

a septum

146
Q

batch culture

A

where no nutrients/cells are added or removed after initalizing

147
Q
A

MicroBIO (6 decks)

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