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MicroBIO > final > Flashcards

final Flashcards

1
Q

archaea characteristics

A

prokaryote cell structure
no disease causing species
can have monolayer
ether linked lipids
has ring structures

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2
Q

transmission electron microscope

A

scans cellular structures in side the cell

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3
Q

scanning electron microscope

A

scans the surface of cellular structures

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4
Q

three forms of transport across a membrane

A

simple transport
group transport
ABC transport

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5
Q

simple transport

A

have an integral membrane protein allowing diffusion through membrane

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6
Q

group transport

A

substance is chemically modified
ATP drives transport (usually)

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7
Q

ABC transport

A

-ATP has a binding site
-ATP drives uptake of substance
binding proteins guides substance into transporter protein into cell

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8
Q

gram negative

A

membrane + cell wall + membrane

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9
Q

gram postive

A

membrane + thick cell wall

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10
Q

hami

A

grappling hook pili
assists in surface attachment

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11
Q

cell inclusions

A

-Carbon Polyphosphate, Sulfur, and Carbonate Minerals Storage Polymers
-Gas Vesicles

-overall reduces osmotic stress
-prokaryotic only

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12
Q

endospore formation steps

A

activation, germination, outgrowth

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13
Q

endospore characteristics

A

dormant cells resistant to heat, radiation, chemicals, drying and lack of nutrients

Found ONLY in gram positive bacteria

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14
Q

archella

A

-smaller than flagella
-related more to pili than flagella
-uses atp to move
-moves slower than flagella

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15
Q

flagella structure

A

-rigid and helical
-reversible rotating machine
-uses proton diffusion to rotate flagella
-filament (tail)
-hook (connects tail to motor)
-basal body (motor)

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16
Q

surface motility

A

slower than swimming
requires type 4 pili
movement occurs away from colony

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17
Q

steps for surface motility

A

-extend from one cell pole
-attachment of pili to surface
-retraction of pili pulling cell towards grasping spot

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18
Q

gliding motility

A

-has helical intracellular protein track with adhesion proteins that allows for smooth motion across surface

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19
Q

chemoorganotrophs

A

gets energy from organic material

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20
Q

chemolithotrophs

A

gets energy from inorganic material

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21
Q

heterotrophs

A

gets carbon from organic materials

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22
Q

autotrophs

A

gets carbon from CO2

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23
Q

Substrate-level phosphorylation

A

substrate bond used
directly to drive ATP formation

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24
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation

A

electrons creates pmf used to make ATP

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25
Q

Photophosphorylation

A

light used to form proton motive force

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26
Q

two main stages of glycolysis

A

1-prep phase-forms key intermediate
2-redox phase- energy conserved w pyruvate

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27
Q

Defined media

A

exact chemical composition known

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28
Q

Complex media

A

composed of digests of microbial,
animal, or plant products

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29
Q

Selective medium

A

contains compounds that selectively
inhibit the growth of some microbes but not others

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30
Q

Differential medium

A

contains an indicator, usually a dye,
that detects particular metabolic reactions during growth

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31
Q

growth curve

A

-lag phase
-exponential phase
-stationary phase
-death phase

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32
Q

Sessile growth

A

growth attached to surface

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33
Q

Planktonic growth

A

growth in suspension of medium

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34
Q

stages of biofilm

A

attachment
colonization
development
dispersal

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35
Q

spread plate method

A

pipette desired microbes on top of agar plate

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36
Q

pour plate method

A

pipette desired microbes
then pour agar on top of microbes

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37
Q

Psychrophile

A

low, found in cold environments

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38
Q

Mesophile

A

midrange temperatures

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39
Q

Thermophile

A

found in high temperatures

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40
Q

Hyperthermophile

A

found in extremely high temperatures

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41
Q

Decontamination

A

The treatment of an object to make it safe to handle

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42
Q

Disinfection

A

kills and Directly targets pathogens, not necessarily all
microorganisms

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43
Q

Sterilization

A

The killing or removal of all living organisms and viruses

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44
Q

static

A

stops growth, eventually resuming growth

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45
Q

lytic

A

kills and destroys microbes

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46
Q

cidal

A

kills microbes, doesnt destroy them

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47
Q

DNA pol Family A

A

-DNA repair and Okazaki fragment maturation
-exonuclease activity

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48
Q

DNA pol Family B

A

-Main polymerase in eukaryotes
-exonuclease activity

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49
Q

DNA pol Family C

A

-Main polymerase in bacteria
-exonuclease activity

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50
Q

DNA pol Family X

A

-monomeric
-fills gaps for DNA repair

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51
Q

DNA pol Family Y

A

-low fidelity, translesion synthesis
-no exonuclease activity

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52
Q

translocation systems

A

sec and tat system

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53
Q

two component regulatory system components

A

Sensor kinase
Response regulator

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54
Q

how does the 2 component regulatory system terminate the responce?

A

A phosphatase removes phosphate from the response regulator

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55
Q

sensor kinase

A

-detects environmental signals and autophosphorylates at
specific histidine residue
-integral to cell membrane

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56
Q

response regulator

A

-DNA-binding protein that regulates transcription
-receives phosphate from sensor kinase
-in cytoplasm

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57
Q

what is this picture depicting?

A

-This picture shows the 2 component regulatory system
-the sensor kinase gives its phosphate to the response regulator which then blocks transcription of certain genes

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58
Q

Methyl-accepting chemotaxis proteins (MCPs)

A

proteins that sense attractants and repellents and interact with cytoplasmic sensor kinases

59
Q

2 component regulatory system and flagella

A

counterclockwise-run
clockwise-tumble

-When MCPs bind repellent or release
attractant, a kinase is phosphorylated
interacts with flagellar motor to induce clockwise rotation and tumbling

-When MCPs bind attractant or release repellent, a kinase is unphosphorylated and not bound to the flagellar motor, resulting in
counterclockwise rotation and running

60
Q

Acyl homoserine lactone (AHL)

A

autoinducer
gram negative only

61
Q

autoinducer

A

-molecule that indicates to a cell that other cells are nearby
-moves freely about membranes of cells
-reaches high concentrations in a cell when around other cells
-binds to sensor kinases which activates specific genes

62
Q

Quorum sensing

A

regulatory mechanism by which
Bacteria and Archaea
assess their population density near themselves

63
Q

heat shock responce

A

global control mechanism to
protect cells from protein denaturation resulting from heat, high solvent levels, osmotic stress, UV light

64
Q

heat shock proteins

A

proteins that counteract damage of denatured
proteins and help cell recover from stress

65
Q

Global control systems

A

regulate transcription of many
different genes in more than one regulon

66
Q

Enzyme repression

A

preventing the synthesis of an
enzyme unless the product is absent from culture
medium; excess of product decreases enzyme synthesis

67
Q

Chaperones

A

catalyze macromolecular folding events

68
Q

Open reading frame

A

AUG followed by a number of
codons and a stop codon

69
Q

lac operon regulatory controls

A

negative control: lactose must be present to remove the repressor
positive control: cAMP must be present in high quantities to allow the activator to bind

70
Q

endospore sporulation

A

-When Spo0A highly phosphorylated, sporulation
proceeds
-5 sensor kinases monitor envionrment
-turns into spore

71
Q

endospore germination

A

germination receptors monitor environment

72
Q

attachment of biofilm

A

-Random collision accounts for the initial attachment
-Facilitated by flagella and pili or by cell surface proteins
-Attachment is a signal for expression of biofilm-specific genes
-Once committed to biofilm formation, the cell loses flagella and becomes nonmotile

73
Q

biofilm formation steps

A

Attachment, colonization, development,
and dispersal

74
Q

Activation of endospore steps

A

-release of DPA
-rehydration of core
-transcription and translation increase

75
Q

Germination of endospore steps

A

-removal of the cortex is a
major event
-full rehydration of core
-metabolically active

76
Q

Outgrowth of endospore steps

A

-elongates allowing escape of spore from mother cell
-fully metabolically active

77
Q

heterocyst

A

-dedicated cells to nitrogen fixation
-anoxic

78
Q

heterocyst formation

A

-inactivation of photosystem
-grows thickened cell wall to prevent 02 diffusion
-expresses nitrogenase
-triggered by limited amount of fixed nitrogen

79
Q

Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm

A

biofilm forms in high concentration of the same species

80
Q

Vibrio cholerae biofilm

A

biofilm forms in low concentration of the same species

81
Q

efflux pump

A

-transport molecules, including antibiotics, out of the cell
-lowers intracellular concentration allowing cell to survive at higher external cellular concentrations

82
Q

Auxotroph

A

has an additional nutritional
requirement for growth compared to prototroph

83
Q

prototroph

A

wild type bacteria, no additional requirement for life

84
Q

Replica plating

A

-screens for nutritionally defective mutants

-transfers colonies from main plate
-if colony is unable to grow on medium
lacking a nutrient indicates mutation

85
Q

Transduction

A

Transfer of DNA from one cell to another by a
bacteriophage

86
Q

Transformation

A

Genetic transfer process by which free DNA is
incorporated into a recipient cell and brings about genetic
change

87
Q

Specialized transduction

A

DNA from a specific region of
the host chromosome is integrated directly into the virus
genome, typically replacing some viral genes

88
Q

Gene Transfer Agents (GTAs)

A

Defective bacteriophages that transfer DNA between prokaryotic cells

89
Q

Conjugation

A

Horizontal gene transfer that
requires cell-to-cell contact

90
Q

archaeal chromosome

A

usualy only have 1 circular chromosome

91
Q

Heterologous expression

A

Expressing a gene in a
different host

92
Q

Thermocycler

A

automated PCR machine

93
Q

Cristae

A

folded internal membranes

94
Q

matrix

A

-innermost area of mitochondrion
-Contains citric acid enzyme

95
Q

Thylakoids

A

-flattened membrane discs contain
-chlorophyll and ATP synthetic components,
-forms pmf

96
Q

symbiogenesis endosymbiosis

A

mitochondria was integrated before nucleus formation in eukarya chloroplasts were integrated after

97
Q

Hydrogen hypothesis

A

Eukaryotic cells arose from an H2-
producing bacterium and an H2- consuming Archaea

98
Q

Orthologs

A

Homologus genes sharing the same
function

99
Q

Paralogs

A

A single ancestral gene diverges to many
different functions in many different organisms

100
Q

Gene conversion

A

-homologous recombination results in
replacement of recipient copy with donor copy

101
Q

Systematics

A

Study of diversity of organisms
and relationships, links phylogeny with taxonomy

102
Q

Phenotypic analysis

A

morphological, metabolic, physiological,
chemical characteristics analysis

103
Q

genotypic analysis

A

genome analysis

104
Q

phylogenetic analysis

A

evolutionary analysis

105
Q

Fermentation

A

-ATP generated primarily by substrate-level
phosphorylation
-Does not require an external electron acceptor
-Electron balance obtained by reducing metabolic
intermediates excreted as fermentation products

106
Q

Respiration

A

-Requires an external electron acceptor
-ATP generated by oxidative phosphorylation
-ATP synthase harnesses pmf to make ATP
-Chemolithotrophs use inorganic electron donors for
respiration

107
Q

Assimilative

A

processes incorporate inorganic nutrients
into cells

108
Q

dissimilative

A

processes conserve energy

109
Q

Mixotrophs

A

heterotroph and autotroph

110
Q

pathways of c02 fixation

A

4

111
Q

Primary fermentation

A

ferment carbohydrate, protein, fat polymers and monomers
to reduced products, CO2, H2

112
Q

secondary fermentation

A

ferment fatty acids to produce co2 h2

113
Q

Syntrophy

A

Two different microbes cooperate to perform
a reaction neither can do alone

114
Q

Gene loss

A

A trait is present in a common ancestor is
lost during divergence over time

115
Q

Convergent evolution

A

A trait has evolved
independently in two or more lineages and is not
encoded by homologous genes

116
Q

Horizontal gene transfer

A

-Genes that code for a trait
are homologous and have been exchanged between
distantly related lineages

117
Q

PS1

A

fe in center
can do photosynthesis alone

118
Q

PS2

A

quinone in center
cant do photosynthesis alone
reduced h from h20 to create pmf

119
Q

Lysogenic infection

A

host cell genetically altered because viral genome
becomes part of host genome

120
Q

Virulent (lytic) infection

A

replicates and destroys host

121
Q

Capsid

A

protein shell that surrounds
the genome of a virus

122
Q

Nucleocapsid

A

nucleic acid + capsid

123
Q

Naked viruses

A

have no other layer

124
Q

Enveloped viruses

A

-have an outer layer
consisting of a phospholipid bilayer
(from host cell membrane) and
viral proteins

125
Q

Capsomere

A

-individual protein
molecules arranged in a
precise and highly repetitive
pattern around the nucleic
acid making up the capsid

126
Q

complex virus

A

head and tail virus

127
Q

helical virus

A

rod shaped virus

128
Q

Icosahedral virus

A

spherical/hexagonal

129
Q

Lysozyme

A

makes hole in cell wall to allow nucleic
acid entry, lyses bacterial cell to release new virions

130
Q

Neuraminidases

A

destroy glycoproteins and
glycolipids, allow liberation of viruses from cell

131
Q

5 steps of viral replication

A

-Attachment
-Penetration
-Synthesis of virus
-Assembly of virus
-Release

132
Q

prokaryotic entry of a virus

A

nucleic acid entry

133
Q

eukaryotic entry of a virus

A

entire virus enters

134
Q

Vector

A

agent that carries and transmits an pathogen

135
Q

Infection

A

Situation in which a microorganism is established and
growing in a host, whether or not the host is harmed

136
Q

Disease

A

Actual tissue damage or injury that impairs host function

137
Q

Pathogens

A

Microbial parasites that cause disease or tissue damage in a
host

138
Q

Pathogenicity

A

The ability of a parasite to inflict damage on the host

139
Q

Partner Choice hypothesis

A

plants use prenodulation signals from rhizobia
to determine whether to allow
nodulation

140
Q

Sanctions hypothesis

A

legumes cannot
recognize more parasitic or less N-fixing
rhizobia, have to counter parasitism
through post-infection legume sanctions

141
Q

Primary symbionts

A

required for the host to
reproduce

142
Q

secondary symbionts

A

not required for host reproduction

143
Q
A

MicroBIO (6 decks)

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