Put on flashcard for test 3
Clostridium kluyveri Fermentation
ferments ethanol and acetate
to butyrate, caproate, H2 products
cyanobacteria examples–Synechococcus and Prochlorococcus
most abundant ocean
phototrophs, contributing 80 percent of marine photosynthesis and 35
percent of total photosynthesis
cyanobacteria family Chroococcales
unicellular, divided by
binary fission
cyanobacteria family Pleurocapsales
unicellular, dividing by
multiple fission
cyanobacteria family Oscillatoriales
filamentous
nonheterocystous
cyanobacteria family Nostocales
filamentous,
divide on a single axis,
can differentiate
cyanobacteria family Stigonematales
filamentous, divide into
multiple planes, forming
branching filaments
cyanobacteria structure hormogonia
short,
motile filaments that break off to
facilitate dispersal under stress
cyanobacteria structure cyanophycin
nitrogen
storage product
Purple sulfur bacteria Ectothiorhodospiraceae
deposit elemental sulfur outside the
cells and have lamellar intracellular photosynthetic membrane
systems
Purple sulfur bacteria family Chromatiaceae
store elemental sulfur granules in the
periplasm vesicular intracellular photosynthetic membrane
systems
purple sulfur bacteria family Thermochromatium
thermophilic and inhabits
sulfidic hot springs, forming thin biofilms
purple sulfur bacteria species T. tepidum
-model system for studying energy transfer
from light-harvesting (antenna) pigments to photosynthetic
reaction center
green sulfur bacteria family Prosthecochloris
widespread outside of freshwater
green sulfur bacteria species chlorobaculum tepidum
thermophilic; model organism
green sulfur bacteria key genera
Chlorobium, Chlorobaculum,
Prosthecochloris, “Chlorochromatium”
methylotroph key genera
Hyphomicrobium, Methylobacterium
other genera- Alpha-, Beta-, Gammaproteobacteria,
Actinobacteria, and Firmicutes
aerobic methylotroph generas
Methylomonas, Methylosinus
-characteristics-
-Use methane as an electron donor and typically also as a carbon source
-Mostly Proteobacteria
type 1 aerobic methylotrophs
Type 1 assimilate one-carbon compounds via ribulose monophosphate cycle and are Gammaproteobacteria
membranes arranged as bundles of disk-
shaped vesicles throughout the cell
type 2 aerobic methylotrophs
Type 2 assimilate one-carbon compounds via serine pathway and are Alphaproteobacteria
have paired membranes running along the cell periphery
Verrucomicrobial methanotrophs
have membrane vesicles
methylotroph Methylomirabilis oxyfera
obligate anaerobic
methanotroph that uses methane monooxygenase to oxidize methane to
-reduces nitrite to nitric oxide, which is dismutated to N2 and O2
-O2 consumed by methane monooxygenase
microbial predators genera
Bdellovibrio, Myxococcus
found in Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Chloroflexi,
Melainabacteria
magnetic microbes key genera
Magnetospirillum
5 archaea groups
Nanoarchaeota (only coculture or enrichment)
Korarchaeota (only coculture or enrichment)
Thaumarchaeota (several species isolated)
Crenarchaeota (better characterized)
Euryarchaeota (better characterized)
Halophilic Cytoplasmic components
-Highly acidic
-Require K+ for activity
-Lower levels of hydrophobic amino acids and lysine (positively charged) than non halophilic enzymes
Archaea subcategory Euryarchaeota
-has Extremely Halophilic Archaea
-has Methanogenic Archaea
-has hyperthermophiles
-has methanogens
Archaea Euyarchaeota Halococcus
-large plasmids containing up to 30 percent of total DNA
-Mostly respire; no sugar fermentation
Archaea Euyarchaeota Halobacterium
-gram-negative organism
-Reproduce by binary fission
-obligate aerobes;
-some have gas vesicles to provide buoyancy
-Most are nonmotile (lack archaella)
Archaea Euyarchaeota Thermoplasmatales
-thermophilic and/or acidophilic
-chemoorganotroph
Archaea Euyarchaeota Thermoplasma
-evolved unique membrane to survive low ph and high temp
Archaea Euyarchaeota Ferroplasma
-mesophile
-acidophile
-autotroph
Methanopyrus
-Hyperthermophilic Methanogen
-produces methane
Archaea Euyarchaeota Picrophilus
-acidophile
-has cell wall
-heterotropic
-cell wall disintigrates above pH of 4
Archaea Euyarchaeota Thermococcales
-hyperthermophiles
-Spherical hyperthermophile
-Indigenous to anoxic thermal waters
-Have tuft of polar archaella
-highly motile
-Obligately anaerobic
-chemoorganotroph
Archaea Euyarchaeota Archaeoglobus
-Oxides organics and reduces SO4-2 to H2S
-Irregular cocci
-thermophile
-Share coenzymes and many genes with
methanogens for CH4 production; ancestor
was probably a methanogen
Archaea Euyarchaeota Ferroglobus
-Iron-oxidizing chemolithotroph coupling anaerobic oxidation
-thermophile
Archaea Euyarchaeota Pyrococcus
-thermophile 100degrees C
Archaea Euyarchaeota Methanogenic
Archaea Euyarchaeota Methanogenic
Eukarya Excavates
-key genera-
Giardia, Trichomonas, Trypanosoma, Euglena
-have 2 nuclei
-have reduced mitochondria (mitosomes)
-some strains cause giardiasis a water borne disease
Eukarya Excavates Diplomonads
-have 2 nuclei
-have reduced mitochondria (mitosomes)
Eukarya Excavates Parabasalids
- have a parasol body
-Lack mitochondria but have
hydrogenosomes for anaerobic
metabolism
-lack introns
Eukarya Excavates Kinetoplastids
-has a kinetoplast, a mass of DNA
present in their single large mitochondrion
-lives in aquatic areas feeding on bacteria
-can cause disease
Eukarya Excavates Euglenids
-Nonpathogenic
-Alternate nutritional lifestyles: both
chemotrophic and phototrophic
-Contain chloroplasts used when living
in light
-In dark environments lose chloroplast
can exist as chemoorganotrophs
-Can feed on bacteria by phagocytosis
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Eukarya Excavates Alveolata
-presence of alveoli, which are sacs underneath the cytoplasmic membrane
-ciliates, dinoflagellates, and
apicomplexans
Eukarya Excavates Alveolata Ciliates
-posess cillia at some point
-most widely spread genus is paramecium
-have 2 nuclei micro/macronuclei
-during conjugation paramecia exchange micronuclei
-
Eukarya Excavates Alveolata Dinoflagellates
-Diverse marine and freshwater
phototrophic organisms
-Has two flagella with different
insertion points on the cell
-Some are free-living, and others live
symbiotically with corals
-Dense suspensions of these cells are
called red tides
-Neurotoxin associated with fish kills and
can cause human poisoning (PSP:
paralytic shellfish poisoning)
-Pfiesteria piscicida is a genus of toxic
dinoflagellate responsible for massive
fish kills
Eukarya Excavates Alveolata Apicomplexans
-Obligate parasites of animals
-Cause severe diseases such as malaria, toxoplasmosis, and coccidiosis
-Produce structures called sporozoites
-Function in transmission of the parasite to a new host
-Contain apicoplasts
-Degenerate chloroplasts that lack pigments and phototrophic capacity
Eukarya Stramenopiles
-Key genera: Phytophthora, Nitzschia,
Ochromonas, Macrocystis
-Diatoms, oomycetes, golden algae, and brown algae
-Chemoorganotrophic and phototrophic members
-short hair like extensions
Eukarya Stramenophiles DIatoms
-Over 100,000 species of diatoms
-Freshwater and marine habitats
-Cell walls are made of silica and are called frustules
-Exhibit radial and pinnate symmetry
-There is a diversity of species in nearly every naturalvwater source
-Appeared on Earth about 200 million years ago
Eukarya Stramenophiles Oomycetes
-water molds based on their filamentous
growth and the presence of coenocytic hyphae
-Cell walls are made of cellulose, not chitin as in fungi
-Phytophthora infestans causes the late blight disease in potatoes and contributed to the Irish Potato Famine
Eukarya Stramenophiles Golden Algae
-chrysophytes
-Most are unicellular and motile via two flagella
-Some are colonial
-Golden algae are named because of their golden-brown color
Eukarya Stramenophiles Brown algae
-Marine and multicellular
-Are brown or green-brown in color depending on how much
fucoxanthin they produce
Eukarya Stramenophiles Rhizaria
-Distinguished from other protists by their threadlike
pseudopodia that they use to move and feed
-Include Chlorarachniophyta, Foraminifera, and
Radiolaria
Eukarya Stramenophiles Rhizaria Chlorarachniophyta
-Phototrophic and amoeba-like, chlorarachniophytes use flagella for movement
-These protists have atypical chloroplasts that are the product of secondary endosymbiosis
-Chloroplasts have four membranes (as opposed to typical two membranes) derived from engulfed eukaryotic algae
-Also contain a nucleomorph, which is the remnant of the engulfed algae
Eukarya Stramenophiles Rhizaria Foraminifera
-Exclusively marine organisms
-They form shell-like structures called tests
-Tests are made from organic materials
reinforced with calcium carbonate
Eukarya Stramenophiles Rhizaria Radiolarians
-Mostly marine, heterotrophic organisms
-Tests are made of silica
-Name derived from the radial symmetry of
tests
Eukarya Ascomycota
-Key genera: Saccharomyces, Candida, Aspergillus
-Two haploid nuclei from different mating types fuse to form a diploid nucleus that eventually undergoes meiosis to form haploid ascospores
-examples include both baker’s yeast
and common molds
Green Algae
-Key genera: Chlamydomonas, Volvox
-called chlorophytes
-inhabit freshwater or other marine places
-uni/mulicellular
-Endolithic algae grow inside porous rocks
