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S2: RADT 114 Positioning > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What anatomy are you assessing and visualizing on an oblique T-spine primarily that is different from the lateral t-spine ?

A

Zygopophyseal Joints

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2
Q

What anatomy are you assessing and visualizing on a lateral T-spine primarily that is different from the oblique t-spine ?

A

intervertebral foramen

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3
Q

On average, how many separate bones make up the adult vertebral column?

A

26

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4
Q

Which of the following is the first compensatory spinal curvature to develop in the young child?

A

cervical

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5
Q

Scoliosis is defined as an abnormal or exaggerated _____ curvature.

A

lateral

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6
Q

Kyphosis is defined as a(n):

A

abnormal thoracic curvature with increased convexity.

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7
Q

Along with the upper incisors, what other bony landmark must be aligned for the AP open-mouth projection?

A

Base of skull

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8
Q

A patient enters the emergency department (ED) because of a motor vehicle accident (MVA). The patient is on a backboard and wearing a cervical collar. The technologist is concerned about the artifacts that the collar will project on the spine during the horizontal beam lateral projection. What should the technologist do in this situation?

A

Leave the collar on during the exposure.

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9
Q

The zygapophyseal joints for the thoracic spine lie at an angle of ____ in relation to the midsagittal plane.

A

70° to 75°

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10
Q

A radiograph of a lateral projection (nontrauma) of the cervical spine reveals that the ramus of the mandible is superimposed over the spine. What could the technologist have done to prevent this?

A

Elevate the chin to place the acanthiomeatal line (AML) parallel with the floor.

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11
Q

A radiograph of an AP open-mouth projection reveals that the base of the skull is superimposed over the dens. What positioning error led to this radiographic outcome?

A

Excessive extension of the skull

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12
Q

Scoliosis is defined as an abnormal or exaggerated _____ curvature.

A

lateral

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13
Q

What type of CR angulation is required for the AP axial projection for the cervical spine?

A

15° to 20° cephalad.

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14
Q

The bony structures connected directly to the vertebral body are the:

A

pedicles.

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15
Q

Which of the following projections will project the dens within the shadow of the foramen magnum?

A

AP projection (Fuchs method)

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16
Q

Which of the following is the first compensatory spinal curvature to develop in the young child?

A

cervical

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17
Q

T2-3 intervertebral disk space is found:

A

at the level of the jugular notch.

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18
Q

Which of the following features makes the cervical vertebra unique as compared with other vertebrae of the spine?

A

transverse foramina and double (bifid) tips on spinous processes; overlapping vertebral bodies; presence of zygapophyseal joints

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19
Q

Why are the anterior oblique projections (right anterior oblique [RAO]/left anterior oblique [LAO]) preferred over the posterior oblique projections of the cervical spine?

A

To reduce the thyroid dose

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20
Q

Which of the following will best demonstrate a compression fracture of the thoracic spine?

A

lateral projection

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21
Q

The zygapophyseal joints for the typical cervical vertebra lie at an angle of ____ in relation to the midsagittal plane.

A

90°

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22
Q

A lateral projection of the thoracic spine reveals that the upper aspect, which is a primary area of interest on this patient, is obscured by the patient’s broad shoulders. Which of the following options will best demonstrate this region of the spine?

A

Perform a cervicothoracic (swimmer’s) lateral position.

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23
Q

T or F: Another term for a breathing technique during exposure is the orthostatic technique.

A

true

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24
Q

What is the recommended kV range for thoracic spine projections when using digital systems?

A

75 to 85 kV

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25
Q

The chin is extended for a lateral projection of the cervical spine to:

A

prevent superimposition of the mandible upon the spine.

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26
Q

What type of CR angle is recommended when performing the AP axial C-spine projection erect?

A

20° cephalad

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27
Q

Which of the following thoracic vertebra(e) possess(es) no facets for costotransverse joints?

A

T11-12

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28
Q

How much rotation of the body is required for an LAO projection of the thoracic spine (from the plane of the table)?

A

70°

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29
Q

What type of CR angle is required for posterior oblique (left posterior oblique [LPO]/right posterior oblique [RPO]) positions of the cervical spine?

A

15° cephalad

30
Q

Which of the following is not demonstrated as open on PA axial oblique cervical vertebrae?

A

Zygapophyseal joints

31
Q

The jugular notch corresponds to the level of:

A

T2-3.

32
Q

The xiphoid process corresponds to the vertebral level of:

A

T9-10.

33
Q

What is the joint space between the manubrium and body of sternum called?

A

Sternal angle

34
Q

At approximately what age does the xiphoid process become totally ossified?

A

40 years old

35
Q

Which of the following structures connects the anterior aspect of the ribs to the sternum?

A

Costocartilage

36
Q

The sternal angle is a palpable landmark at the level of:

A

T4-5.

37
Q

In the erect adult bony thorax, the posterior or vertebral end of a typical rib is ____ higher than or more superior to the anterior portion.

A

3 to 5 inches (8 to 13 cm)

38
Q

Which of the following ribs is considered to be a false rib?

A

Ninth

39
Q

Which of the following statements is true about floating ribs?

A

They do not possess costocartilage.

40
Q

What is the joint classification and type of movement for the costotransverse joint?

A

Synovial with diarthrodial (plane) movement

41
Q

Which of the following techniques is most effective in preventing lung markings from obscuring the sternum on an oblique projection?

A

Use an orthostatic (breathing) technique.

42
Q

Why is the RAO sternum preferred to the LAO position?

A

The RAO projects the sternum over the shadow of the heart.

43
Q

Which of the following statements is true about radiography of ribs located above the diaphragm?

A

Suspend breathing upon inspiration.

44
Q

Which of the following positions will best demonstrate the axillary portion of the left ribs?

A

Left posterior oblique (LPO)

45
Q

Which position can replace the RAO of the sternum if the patient cannot lie prone?

A

LPO

46
Q

What is the recommended SID for the erect lateral sternum position?

A

60 to 72 inches (152 to 183 cm)

47
Q

Which two projections must be taken for an injury to the left posterior, lower ribs?

A

AP and LPO

48
Q

Which two projections must be taken for an injury to the right anterior, upper ribs?

A

PA and LAO

49
Q

What kV range (digital systems) is recommended for an AP projection of the ribs found below the diaphragm?

A

75 to 85 kV

50
Q

Fracture of adjacent ribs in two or more places with associated pulmonary injury is known as a(n) _____ rib injury.

A

flail chest

51
Q

A congenital defect characterized by anterior protrusion of the lower sternum and xiphoid process is termed:

A

pectus carinatum.

52
Q

A patient with metastatic disease in the ribs comes to radiology following a nuclear medicine scan. The radiologist orders a right, upper posterior rib study. Which of the following positioning factors should be followed for this specific study?

A

perform positions erect if the patient’s condition permits; include the RPO position as part of the positioning routine

53
Q

Which condition of the sternum is often termed “funnel chest”?

A

Pectus excavatum

54
Q

A radiograph of an RAO sternum reveals that it is partially superimposed over the spine. What must be done to eliminate this problem during the repeat exposure?

A

Increase rotation of the body.

55
Q

A radiograph of a lateral projection of the sternum reveals that the patient’s ribs are superimposed over the sternum. What needs to be done to correct this problem during the repeat exposure?

A

Ensure that the patient is not rotated.

56
Q

A PA radiograph of the sternoclavicular (SC) joints demonstrates unequal distance from the SC joints to the midline of the spine. The left SC joint is farther from the sternum than the right. What specific positioning error is present on this radiograph?

A

Slight right rotation (right side toward the image receptor)

57
Q

A patient enters the ED with an injury to the left anterior lower ribs. Which of the following projections should be taken to demonstrate the involved area?

A

PA and RAO

58
Q

Which of the following landmarks can be palpated to locate the upper margin of the sternum on the obese patient?

A

Jugular notch

59
Q

Which of the following positioning considerations does NOT apply for a study of the lower ribs?

A

Use a digital kV range between 65 and 70 kV.

60
Q

Which of the following conditions may occur with trauma to the ribs?

A

Hemothorax

61
Q

What is the joint classification and type of movement for the sternoclavicular joints?

A

Synovial with diarthrodial (gliding) movement

62
Q

T or F: The only bony connection between the shoulder girdle and the bony thorax is the acromioclavicular joint.

A

false

63
Q

T or F: It is a safe practice to decrease the SID to 30 inches (77 cm) for the oblique sternum projection.

A

False

64
Q

T or F: An erect lateral projection of the sternum requires that respiration be suspended on expiration.

A

false

65
Q

A radiograph of an RAO projection of the ribs demonstrates the left axillary ribs are foreshortened, whereas the right side is elongated. Which of the following is the most likely reason for this radiographic outcome?

A

An LAO was performed rather than the RAO position.

66
Q

Which of the following projections will best demonstrate the C4-5 zygapophyseal joints of the cervical spine?

A

lateral

67
Q

A digital image taken of a lateral thoracic spine projection demonstrates poor visibility of the spine. The image was taken on a full 14- × 17-inch (35- × 43-cm) IR. The following factors were used during the exposure: 80 kV, 80 mAs, 40-inch (102-cm) SID, and collimation to the size of the IR. Which one of the following modifications will result in a more diagnostic image?

A

Collimate to spine.

68
Q

Which of the following factors will enhance the visibility of the vertebral bodies during a lateral projection of the thoracic spine?

A

Use an orthostatic (breathing) technique.

69
Q

The most posterior aspect of a typical vertebra is the:

A

spinous process.

70
Q

Along with increasing the source image receptor distance (SID), what other factor(s) will improve spatial resolution for lateral and oblique projections of the cervical spine?

A

Using a small focal spot

71
Q

Which of the following clinical conditions will require a decrease in technical factors?

A

Severe Advanced osteoporosis

S2: RADT 114 Positioning (9 decks)

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