Test 1

Question 1

Descartes: Involuntary Behaviour

Answer 1

automatic reactions to external stimuli, occurs because of a person’s intent to act in that manner

Question 2

Descartes: Voluntary Behaviour

Answer 2

doesn’t have to be triggered by external stimuli

Question 3

Nativism

Answer 3

all born with certain innate concepts that don’t require experience

Question 4

Empiricism

Answer 4

all ideas or concepts are acquired directly or indirectly through experience

Question 5

Contiguity

Answer 5

if 2 events repeatedly occur together in space or time they become associated

Question 6

Similarity

Answer 6

2 items become associated if they’re somehow similar

Question 7

Performance

Answer 7

an organism’s actions at a particular time, how one is influenced by motivation

Question 8

Efficient Causal Mechanisms

Answer 8

necessary and sufficient conditions for producing behavioural outcomes

Question 9

Material Causal Mechanisms

Answer 9

physical changes in mechanisms

Question 10

Formal Causal Mechanisms

Answer 10

models or theories of learning

Question 11

Final Causal Mechanisms

Answer 11

explanations of learning that emphasize function or utility

Question 12

Studying Learning: General-Process

Answer 12

find commonalities between events and create general laws, need experimental evidence to confirm generality

Question 13

3 R’s of Studying Animals

Answer 13

Replace animals with other techniques
Reduce animals used
Refine techniques to reduce suffering

Question 14

Releasing Stimulus

Answer 14

specific features/stimulus required to elicit the modal action pattern

Question 15

Supernormal/Novel Stimulus

Answer 15

more effective than naturally occurring stimulus

Question 16

Appetitive Behaviour

Answer 16

early components of behaviour sequence, bring organism into contact with stimuli

Question 17

Consummatory Behaviour

Answer 17

end components of behaviour sequence, bring typical response sequence to completion

Question 18

Habituation

Answer 18

decreased responsiveness to stimulus with repeated stimulation

Question 19

Sensitization

Answer 19

Increased responsiveness to stimulus with repeated stimulation

Question 20

Adaptiveness and Pervasiveness

Answer 20

helps determine which stimuli to pay attention to and which to ignore

Question 21

Sensory Adaptation

Answer 21

temporary reduction in sensitivity of sense organs caused by repeated or excessive stimulation

Question 22

Fatigue

Answer 22

temporary decrease in behaviour caused by excessive or repeated use of muscles involved in behaviour

Question 23

Dual Process Theory

Answer 23

Neural processes underlying decreases and increases in responsiveness occur in different parts of the nervous system

Question 24

Dual Process Theory: Time Course

Answer 24

2 effects do not always result in long term behavioural changes, therefore some are not considered learning

Question 25

Dual Process Theory: Stimulus Specificity

Answer 25

Habituate to a single stimulus, not all

Question 26

Dishabituation

Answer 26

habituated response can be restored by sensitizing an organism with exposure to an extraneous stimulus (reactivate first stimulus response)

Question 27

Emotional After Effects

Answer 27

one emotion is experienced during eliciting stimulus, and the opposite emotion is experienced when stimulus is removed

Question 28

Opponent-Process Theory of Motivation

Answer 28

opposing forces keep system in neutral state, shift away from neutral triggers opponent process