Final Test-7

Question 1

What motivates instrumental responding

Answer 1

perform response to obtain reinforcer

Question 2

Molecular Association Perspective (Thorndike)

Answer 2

analysis of associative structure of individual responses in instrumental conditioning

Question 3

Response-Allocation Approach (Skinner)

Answer 3

interested in broad context, limits to behaviour in instrumental conditioning

Question 4

Thorndike Associative Structure

Answer 4

S- Stimulus, R- instrumental response, O-outcome/reinforcer

Question 5

SR Association Law of Effect (Thorndike)

Answer 5

Purpose of (O) outcome/reinforcer is to create association between S and R

Question 6

Expectancy of Reward and SO Association

Answer 6

reward expectancy can motivate instrumental behaviour; organism can come to expect reinforcer during instrumental conditioning; SO association created through classical conditioning

Question 7

2 Process Theory

Answer 7

Assumes 2 types of related learning: instrumental and classical; after SO association learned in classical, S motivates R (nature of responding depends on type of reinforcer +/-)

Question 8

Can Test SO Association/Expectancy with Pavlovian Instrumental Transfer Test

Answer 8

if a rat learns to associate CS+ [red light] with food, during instrumental responding, presence of CS+ should increase responding/want for food

Question 9

RO Association: Devaluation Technique

Answer 9

If you devalue O, it should decrease R given that they have a relationship

Question 10

Consummatory Response Theory

Answer 10

Stimuli is food, Consummatory (unconditioned response) behaviour is reinforcer for responding

Question 11

Premack Principle

Answer 11

using high probability response behaviour (something one prefers) as reinforcer to motivate low probability response behaviour (something one dislikes); Performing the low probability behaviour results in reinforcer–opportunity to perform high probability behaviour

Question 12

Response Deprivation Hypothesis

Answer 12

low probability response can act as reinforcer if organism is restricted from making response (can only have reward if low probability response performed)

Question 13

Behavioural Bliss Point

Answer 13

Preferred distribution of an organism’s activities before instrumental conditioning procedure introduced that sets limits on response allocation; organism will defend against disruptions to bliss point; motivates instrumental behaviour

Question 14

Reinforcement Effects

Answer 14

occur when there’s an increase in rate of response above level of behaviour in absence of RO contingency; increased responses to receive reinforcer to decrease bliss point deviations

Question 15

Effectiveness of Instrumental Conditioning Depends on

Answer 15

behavioural context (alternate reinforcers available); how other reinforcers are related to main reinforcer

Question 16

Behavioural Economics (how do constraints of instrumental procedures produce changes in behaviour)

Answer 16

Restraints: number of responses able to make (e.g. income), number of responses needed to obtain (e.g. price of goods)

Question 17

Consumer Demand Curve

Answer 17

relation between how much of item is purchased and price of item

Question 18

Consumer Elasticity of Demand

Answer 18

degree to which price influences consumption or purchase of item

Question 19

Consumer Demand: High Elasticity vs. Low Elasticity

Answer 19

High Elasticity: consumption/purchase easily influenced by price
Low Elasticity: price of item does not affect how much it is purchased (gas)

Question 20

Determining Factors of Elasticity of Demand

Answer 20

1) availability of substitutes; 2) price range; 3) income level; 4) link to complementary commodities