Final Test-8

Question 1

Contextual Stimuli

Answer 1

instrumental response related to context (being loud in a gym vs. a theatre)

Question 2

Differential Responding: Stimulus Control

Answer 2

can determine whether an instrumental response has come under the control of a particular stimulus by demonstrating variations in responding to variations of stimuli

Question 3

Differential Responding: Stimulus Discrimination

Answer 3

if organism responds differently to two or more stimuli responding is under control of particular stimuli

Question 4

Stimulus Generalization

Answer 4

Organism is said to show stimulus generalization if it responds in a similar manner to 2 or more stimuli

Question 5

Stimulus Generalization Gradient

Answer 5

Steep: high degree of stimulus control (differential)
Flat: high degree of stimulus generalization

Question 6

Sensory Capacity and Orientation

Answer 6

stimuli included in organism’s sensory world, and whether organism comes into contact with stimuli controls effectiveness of stimuli

Question 7

Relative Ease of Conditioning Various Stimuli

Answer 7

degree to which an organism will learn about a particular stimulus in context with other stimuli

Question 8

Types of Reinforcement

Answer 8

Visual stimuli more likely to gain control over appetitive situations; Auditory stimuli more likely to gain control over aversive outcome

Question 9

Compound Stimuli: Stimulus-Element Approach (Quality-Location Effect)

Answer 9

assumes organism responds to compound stimulus, due to the elements that make up the compound stimulus; quality and location of auditory stimuli are seen as separate features of stimuli

Question 10

Compound Stimuli: Configural-Cue Approach

Answer 10

assumes organisms respond to compound stimulus as an integral whole rather than the elements

Question 11

Learning Factors in Stimulus Control

Answer 11

the extent to which a stimulus comes to control a behaviour, may depend on the organism’s experience w that stimulus

Question 12

Stimulus Discrimination Training

Answer 12

Establishes control by the stimuli that signal when reinforcement is and is not available (S+ signals reinforcement, S- signals no reinforcement)

Question 13

Jenkins & Harrison’s Principles on Discrimination Training

Answer 13

Discrimination training increases stimulus control; dimension (such as tone frequency) is most likely to gain control over responding if S+ and S- differ along that dimension

Question 14

Discriminative Stimuli

Answer 14

procedure used to evaluate sensory capacity of an organism; use to bring behaviour under control of variety of stimuli

Question 15

Discriminative Stimuli: Interoceptive Cues

Answer 15

internal sensations produced by physiological manipulation

Question 16

Discriminative Stimuli: Compound/Configural Cues

Answer 16

arise from combination of 2+ stimuli presented at the same time

Question 17

What is learned in Discrimination Training (S+, S-, or both) according to Spence’s Theory (1936)

Answer 17

Learn both, differential responding to S+ and S- prove both are learned

Question 18

Interaction between S+ and S- (Peak Shift)

Answer 18

Can’t assume what is learned about S+ is independent of S-, can influence each other
Peak Shift: shift of generalization gradient away from original S+

Question 19

Stimulus Equivalence Training

Answer 19

Leads to generalized responding because stimuli are treated in same manner; pair different stimuli with same outcome

Question 20

Contextual Cues and Conditional Relations

Answer 20

learned behaviour can be controlled by contextual background cues, not just discrete (tone or light) stimuli during instrumental conditioning