Test 1 Flashcards
What is a hazardous material?
A substance capable of posing unreasonable risk to human health, safety, or environment when * Transported in commerce * Used incorrectly * Not properly contained or stored
What are hazardous materials sometimes referred to as?
Dangerous goods
What are Regulations?
Issued and enforced by governmental bodies such as Federal, provincial and territorial Occupational Health and Safety Acts (OHSA).
What are Standards?
Issued by nongovernmental entities – Generally consensus-based – May be voluntary
NFPA 472 is not a “how to respond” document, what is it?
Provides a standard for competence of responders to hazardous materials / weapons of mass destruction incidents.
What is a person with awareness level training considered in NFPA 472?
NFPA 472 states that a person with awareness level training is not considered a responder. – Now referred to as awareness level personnel – Not typically called to the scene to respond – Function in support roles
Would NFPA 472 consider a grenade to be a WMD?
Yes it would
What are operations level core competencies?
Analyzing the scene to determine the scope of the incident – Surveying scene to identify containers and materials involved – Collecting information from available reference sources – Predicting likely behavior of a hazardous material, Estimating potential harm substances might cause – Planning a response to the release – Performing decontamination – Preserving evidence – Evaluating response status and effectiveness
Do responders have to be trained if they would like to perform additional missions beyond the core competencies?
Responders expected to perform additional missions beyond the core competencies must be trained to carry out those mission-specific responsibilities
Who do operations level responder have to work under supervision of?
Operations Level responders must work under the direct supervision of Technician Level personnel when performing mission-specific competencies.
What are mission specific competencies?
Personal protective equipment (PPE) – Mass decontamination – Technical decontamination – Evidence preservation and public safety sampling – Product control – Detection, monitoring, and sampling – Victim rescue/recovery, Illicit laboratory incidents – Disablement/disruption of improvised explosive devices (IEDs), improvised WMD dispersal devices, and operations at improvised explosives laboratories – Diving in contaminated water environment – Evidence collection
What does NFPA 1072 define technician level personnel as?
Persons who respond to hazardous materials/WMD incidents using a risk based response process by which they analyze a problem involving hazardous materials/WMD, plan a response to the problem, implement the planned response, evaluate progress of the planned response, and assist in terminating the incident.
What is OHSA?
A government entity that enforces and publicizes laws and regulations governing transportation of goods.
NFPA 472 expands the scope of an operations level responder’s duties by?
identifying optional mission-specific competencies.
What is a carboy?
Glass, plastic, or steel container that holds 19– 57 L (5 to 15 gal) of product * Often placed in a protective wood, foam, fiberglass, or steel box to help prevent breakage * Thick glass carboys protected by wooden or foam crates typically contain strong acids.
Typical standard oxygen cylinders can have pressures of?
13,790 kPa (1000 psi)
What is a Dewar container?
Thermos-like vessel to hold cryogenic liquids – Typical cryogens * Oxygen * Helium * Hydrogen * Argon * Nitrogen
What is division 1?
Mass detonation hazards – Number 1 inside orange octagon
What is division 2?
Explosion-with-fragment hazards – Number 2 inside orange X
What is division 3?
Mass fire hazards – Number 3 inside inverted orange triangle
What is division 4?
Moderate fire hazards – Number 4 inside orange diamond
What are the Transport Canada (TC) packaging group designations?
Packaging group I: high danger – Packaging group II: medium danger – Packaging group III: minor danger
What is a small leak or spill?
Leak from one small package – Small leak in large container
what is a Large leak or spill?
Large spill – Large leak or spill from large container or package – Spill from a number of small packages – Any spill from a 1-ton (907-k) cylinder, tank truck, or railcar
What is Anthrax and is it contagious?
Anthrax is a pathogenic microorganism capable of causing an illness (infectious). A person with an illness caused by an anthrax exposure is not capable of passing it along to another person (contagious).
What is expansion ratio?
Describes volume increase that occurs when a compressed liquefied gas changes to a gas
What is vapor pressure?
Develops between top of liquid and the container * Vapors released from the surface must be contained to exert pressure * In liquids, the greater the vapor pressure the faster the liquid will evaporate * May be exerted in – Pounds per square inch (psi) – Atmospheres (atm) – Torr (Torr = 1/760 atm) – Millimeters of mercury (mm Hg)
What happens when the molecular weight of a substance increases?
Vapor pressure decreases ↑ Boiling point increases ↑ Flash point increases ↓ Ignition temperature decreases ↑ Heat output increases
What is the standard atmospheric pressure at sea level?
Standard Atmospheric Pressure is 101.4 kPa (14.7 psi) at sea level * Exerted on every surface of every object, including the surface of water. 101.4 kPa (14.7 psi) = 760 torr = 1 atm
vapor density of cylinder A?
vapor density less than 1
vapor density of cylinder B?
vapor density greater than 1
What is Specific gravity?
Comparison between the weight of a liquid chemical and the weight of water * Specific gravity of water is 1.0. * Materials will float in water if their specific gravity is less than 1.0.
What does variation in the number of neutrons create?
Variation in the number of neutrons creates a radioactive isotope
Explain elements?
Each element is made up of atoms. * The nucleus of each atom has protons, and neutrons. * Orbiting the nucleus are electrons. ➢Protons - (+) positive electrical charge ➢Neutrons – no electrical charge ➢Electrons – (-) negative electrical charge
What are Alpha particles?
Have weight and mass – Cannot travel far from nucleus (less than a few centimeters)
What are Beta particles?
May break chemical bonds at the molecular level and cause damage to living tissue. * This is known as Ionizing Radiation
What are gamma rays?
No mass, no electrical charge – Pure electromagnetic energy – Travel at the speed of light – Most energetic type of radiation responders may encounter – Can be deadly, and self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) will not protect you – Typical sources * Cesium * Cobalt
What is secondary contamination?
Contamination through direct contact with a contaminated person or object – Also known as cross contamination
What is lethal concentration? (LC)
Concentration of a material in air (gaseous state) that is expected to kill a specified number of the group of test animals when administered over a specific period of time * When LD or LC are followed by a number, it indicates the percentage of test subjects that will die when exposed to a specific amount
What is internal capacity?
Maximum capacity greater than 450 L (119 gal) – Maximum net mass greater than 400 kg (882 lb) and a maximum capacity greater than 450 L (119 gal) as a receptacle for a solid – Water capacity greater than 454 kg (1000 lb) as a receptacle for a gas
What are the types of portable tankers?
IM-101 portable tanks (IMO type 1 internationally) – IM-102 portable tanks (IMO type 2 internationally) - Pressure intermodal tanks (IMO type 5 internationally) (high-pressure vessels) - Cryogenic intermodal tanks (IMO type 7 internationally)
What are totes?
portable plastic tank inside a rigid stainless steel frame or a square metal tank around 1.2 m (4 ft) wide and 1.8 m (6 ft) tall.
Name a Non pressure liquid cargo tank?
MC-306/DOT 406 cargo tanks – Familiar oval-shaped highway gasoline tanker – Frequently carry * Liquid food-grade products * Gasoline * Other flammable and combustible liquids – Nonpressurized
Name a Low-pressure chemical cargo tank?
MC-307/DOT 407 chemical haulers – Holds 22,680 to 26,460 L (6000 to 7000 gal) – May have a higher internal working pressure – May be insulated or Uninsulated (insulated may be referred to as being horseshoe-shaped.
Name a high pressure cargo tank?
MC-331 – Carries ammonia, Freon®, propane and butane
Name a Cryogenic liquid cargo tank?
MC-338 – Low-pressure tank – Relies on tank insulation to maintain low temperatures – Normal for small puffs of white vapor to vent from relief valve
What do pressure tank cars transport?
Transport propane, ammonia, ethylene oxide, and chlorine – Internal pressures range from 689 to 3447 kPa (100 to 500 psi) – Top-mounted fittings for loading and unloading – High volumes can generate long-duration, high-pressure leaks
What do Railway gondolas carry?
They Carry lumber, scrap metal, coal, and pipes
Agents that take a longer time to evaporate than water, are called?
persistent
What are symptoms of exposure?
Pinpoint pupils – Runny nose – Drooling – Difficulty breathing – Tearing – Twitching – Diarrhea – Convulsions or seizures – Loss of consciousness
What is SLUDGEM?
Salivation, Lacrimation, Urination, Defecation, Gastric upset, Emesis, Miosis
What is a DuoDote™ auto-injector?
Most common field-level medical treatment – Developed as a nerve agent exposure antidote – Contains: * Atropine * 2-PAM – Many EMS carry these antidotes in their vehicles – May be ineffective after a period of time
What is Bacillus anthracis?
A infectious disease
How many anthrax spores are needed to cause an anthrax infection?
8,000 to 10,000
Where is plague found?
Plague is found on rodents
Smallpox symptoms are?
First presents with – Small red spots – Rash in mouth * Lesions – All in same stage of development at the same time – Found on palms and soles
How is radioactive package labeling determined?
Radioactive package labeling is determined by the amount of radiation measured outside the package
What are the five major categories of packaging?
Industrial radioactive packaging –Type A packaging (least protection) –Type B packaging –Type C packaging (most protection)
What is the dirty bomb?
Radiation dispersal device (RDD) – Involves packing radioactive material around an explosive device. – Only a few radioactive sources can be effectively used.
What is Threshold limit value/time-weighted average (TLV/TWA)?
(maximum concentration to which an adult can be exposed 8 hours per day, 40 hours per week)
What is concentration?
Expressed as a percentage for gasses – Amount of solute in a given amount of solution – Can range from concentrated to dilute
What are the NFPA 1994 classes?
Class 2: liquid-splash garment performance with SCBA – Class 3: liquid-splash garment performance with APR – Class 4: performance requirements for particles and liquid-borne viral protection
What is Secondary Contamination?
Also known as cross contamination * Process of transferring a hazardous material from its source to people, animals, the environment, or equipment, which may act as carriers. Eg. Contact with runoff from firefighting operations on an ignited material.
When does secondary contamination occur?
Occurs when a contaminated person or object comes into direct contact with another person or object. Eg. Transporting a victim from a hazardous materials incident in an ambulance.
What is a CAN report?
Conditions – Current status or incident status * Actions – What you are doing – What the team is doing – What is occurring with the incident * Needs – Additional resources needed
What are the Shuns? and when should you use them?
When evacuation a large number of people.
Contamination – Communication – Transportation – Nutrition – Sanitation – Habitation – Compassion
What are general staff functions?
Groups and divisions – Group * Assembled to relieve span of control issue (typical span of control is 3 to 7 subordinates for every supervisor) * Consists of functional assignments that may not be tied to any one geographic location – Division * Companies and crews working in the same geographic location – Both place several single resources under one supervisor
Where is Benzopyrene found?
Found in –Vehicle exhaust –Grilled food –Tobacco smoke –Smoke generated from fires
Examples of PAHs include?
Anthracene – Benzopyrene – Methylchrysene – Phenanthrene – Pyrene
What happened to monkeys exposed to cyanide?
Monkeys exposed to cyanide lost consciousness at 200 parts per million (ppm).
What will cyanide and carbon monoxide do?
Cyanide and carbon monoxide may potentiate the harmful effects of one another.
What is Cyanide toxicity?
Cyanide toxicity is the inability to use oxygen for aerobic metabolism.
What is carbon monoxide?
One of the most common industrial hazards * Colorless and odorless * Produced during incomplete combustion * Affects oxygen-carrying capacity of red blood cells, causing hypoxia (losing the ability to transport oxygen to the blood)
What is a CYANOKIT (hydroxocobalamin)?
Emergency treatment used in patients with known or suspected cyanide poisoning
When should you use Detection Devices at the Fire Scene?
Immediately dangerous to life and health (IDLH) * Requires breathing apparatus or withdrawal – Short-term exposure limit (STEL) * 15-minute exposure; limit four times a day – Recommended exposure limit (REL) * 10-hour exposure
What is the reaction time of Photoionization Detector (PID)?
Reaction time of 1 to 2 seconds
How to determine PPE?
Responders must correlate the mission with the anticipated hazards – National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)-approved self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) required when possibility of exposure to a concentration considered to be immediately dangerous to life or health (IDLH) eg. Possible exposure to ammonia exceeding 300 ppm.
What is NFPA 1991?
Standard on VaporProtective Ensembles for Hazardous Materials Emergencies
What is Level A ppe?
Offers limited visibility * Effective against alpha radiation only * Must meet NFPA 1991 requirements * Requires open-circuit, positive-pressure SCBA or SAR
What is Level B ppe?
Provides little or no flash fire protection
What should you use SCBA for?
Ideal for simple asphyxiants ( eg. Nitrogen) and oxygen-deficient atmospheres
What are the most commonly used materials in Chemical Protective Equipment?
Most commonly used materials – Butyl rubber – Tyvek® – Saranex® – Polyvinyl chloride – Viton® * No single fabric provides satisfactory protection from all chemicals.
What are forced-air cooling systems?
Force prechilled air through system of hoses worn close to the body * Cooler air passes skin, drawing heat away * Functions as first level of cooling * Systems are lightweight and provide long-term cooling benefits. * Mobility is limited because of umbilicals attached to external, fixed compressors.
Disadvantages of Ice-Cooled or Gel-packed Vests?
Bulkier and heavier than forced-air systems – May cause discomfort due to cold temperature near skin – Cold temperature near skin may fool body into thinking it is cold, encouraging it to retain even more heat.
What is Phase-Change Cooling Technology?
Vest fabric wicks perspiration away from the body.
Going Through Technical Decontamination in PPE Steps?
Proceed to the cold zone end of the corridor. – Helmets, face pieces, and any other ancillary equipment are removed. – You remove and discard inner gloves. – Personal clothing removed last.
What is a Overflow dam?
Constructed for a material that has a specific gravity greater than 1. * Contains materials heavier than water * Dam base is built up to a level that holds back flow of water. * PVC pipe or hard suction hose is installed at a slight angle to allow water to flow “over” released liquid.
What is a Underflow Dam?
Constructed for a material that has a specific gravity lighter than 1 (lighter than water) * Piping is installed near bottom of dam so water flows “under” dam. * Materials floating on water accumulate at top of dam area.
Where is Remote Valve Shut-off on MC306/DOT 406 cargo tanks?
MC306/DOT 406 cargo tanks – Carry flammable and combustible liquids and Class B poisons – Remote shut-off valves located at front of cargo tank on driver’s side or rear of cargo tank on passenger side
Where is Remote Valve Shut-off on MC-307/DOT 407 cargo tanks?
Carry chemicals transported at low pressure (flammable and combustible liquids)
Where is Remote Valve Shut-off on Intermodal tanks?
Both shipping and storage vessels. – Remote shut-off valve on * The side of the container, near the discharge end.
What to consider when using vapor dispersion?
Consider consequences before dispersing vapors. – Highly flammable vapors could ignite. – Dispersed vapors could spread contamination outside hot zone.
Is reducing temperature a good solution?
Suppresses vapor formation in some materials, but is not easily accomplished except in cases of small spills
What is Aqueous Film-Forming Foam (AFFF)?
Designed to form blanket – Over spilled flammable liquids to suppress vapors – On actively burning pools of flammable liquids
What is Fluoroprotein Foam?
Used on fires or spills involving gasoline, oil, or similar products (Class B)
