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Environmental Protection > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a hazardous material?

A

A substance capable of posing unreasonable risk to human health, safety, or environment when * Transported in commerce * Used incorrectly * Not properly contained or stored

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2
Q

What are hazardous materials sometimes referred to as?

A

Dangerous goods

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3
Q

What are Regulations?

A

Issued and enforced by governmental bodies such as Federal, provincial and territorial Occupational Health and Safety Acts (OHSA).

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4
Q

What are Standards?

A

Issued by nongovernmental entities – Generally consensus-based – May be voluntary

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5
Q

NFPA 472 is not a “how to respond” document, what is it?

A

Provides a standard for competence of responders to hazardous materials / weapons of mass destruction incidents.

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6
Q

What is a person with awareness level training considered in NFPA 472?

A

NFPA 472 states that a person with awareness level training is not considered a responder. – Now referred to as awareness level personnel – Not typically called to the scene to respond – Function in support roles

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7
Q

Would NFPA 472 consider a grenade to be a WMD?

A

Yes it would

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8
Q

What are operations level core competencies?

A

Analyzing the scene to determine the scope of the incident – Surveying scene to identify containers and materials involved – Collecting information from available reference sources – Predicting likely behavior of a hazardous material, Estimating potential harm substances might cause – Planning a response to the release – Performing decontamination – Preserving evidence – Evaluating response status and effectiveness

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9
Q

Do responders have to be trained if they would like to perform additional missions beyond the core competencies?

A

Responders expected to perform additional missions beyond the core competencies must be trained to carry out those mission-specific responsibilities

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10
Q

Who do operations level responder have to work under supervision of?

A

Operations Level responders must work under the direct supervision of Technician Level personnel when performing mission-specific competencies.

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11
Q

What are mission specific competencies?

A

Personal protective equipment (PPE) – Mass decontamination – Technical decontamination – Evidence preservation and public safety sampling – Product control – Detection, monitoring, and sampling – Victim rescue/recovery, Illicit laboratory incidents – Disablement/disruption of improvised explosive devices (IEDs), improvised WMD dispersal devices, and operations at improvised explosives laboratories – Diving in contaminated water environment – Evidence collection

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12
Q

What does NFPA 1072 define technician level personnel as?

A

Persons who respond to hazardous materials/WMD incidents using a risk based response process by which they analyze a problem involving hazardous materials/WMD, plan a response to the problem, implement the planned response, evaluate progress of the planned response, and assist in terminating the incident.

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13
Q

What is OHSA?

A

A government entity that enforces and publicizes laws and regulations governing transportation of goods.

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14
Q

NFPA 472 expands the scope of an operations level responder’s duties by?

A

identifying optional mission-specific competencies.

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15
Q

What is a carboy?

A

Glass, plastic, or steel container that holds 19– 57 L (5 to 15 gal) of product * Often placed in a protective wood, foam, fiberglass, or steel box to help prevent breakage * Thick glass carboys protected by wooden or foam crates typically contain strong acids.

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16
Q

Typical standard oxygen cylinders can have pressures of?

A

13,790 kPa (1000 psi)

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17
Q

What is a Dewar container?

A

Thermos-like vessel to hold cryogenic liquids – Typical cryogens * Oxygen * Helium * Hydrogen * Argon * Nitrogen

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18
Q

What is division 1?

A

Mass detonation hazards – Number 1 inside orange octagon

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19
Q

What is division 2?

A

Explosion-with-fragment hazards – Number 2 inside orange X

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20
Q

What is division 3?

A

Mass fire hazards – Number 3 inside inverted orange triangle

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21
Q

What is division 4?

A

Moderate fire hazards – Number 4 inside orange diamond

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22
Q

What are the Transport Canada (TC) packaging group designations?

A

Packaging group I: high danger – Packaging group II: medium danger – Packaging group III: minor danger

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23
Q

What is a small leak or spill?

A

Leak from one small package – Small leak in large container

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24
Q

what is a Large leak or spill?

A

Large spill – Large leak or spill from large container or package – Spill from a number of small packages – Any spill from a 1-ton (907-k) cylinder, tank truck, or railcar

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25
Q

What is Anthrax and is it contagious?

A

Anthrax is a pathogenic microorganism capable of causing an illness (infectious). A person with an illness caused by an anthrax exposure is not capable of passing it along to another person (contagious).

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26
Q

What is expansion ratio?

A

Describes volume increase that occurs when a compressed liquefied gas changes to a gas

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27
Q

What is vapor pressure?

A

Develops between top of liquid and the container * Vapors released from the surface must be contained to exert pressure * In liquids, the greater the vapor pressure the faster the liquid will evaporate * May be exerted in – Pounds per square inch (psi) – Atmospheres (atm) – Torr (Torr = 1/760 atm) – Millimeters of mercury (mm Hg)

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28
Q

What happens when the molecular weight of a substance increases?

A

Vapor pressure decreases ↑ Boiling point increases ↑ Flash point increases ↓ Ignition temperature decreases ↑ Heat output increases

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29
Q

What is the standard atmospheric pressure at sea level?

A

Standard Atmospheric Pressure is 101.4 kPa (14.7 psi) at sea level * Exerted on every surface of every object, including the surface of water. 101.4 kPa (14.7 psi) = 760 torr = 1 atm

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30
Q

vapor density of cylinder A?

A

vapor density less than 1

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31
Q

vapor density of cylinder B?

A

vapor density greater than 1

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32
Q

What is Specific gravity?

A

Comparison between the weight of a liquid chemical and the weight of water * Specific gravity of water is 1.0. * Materials will float in water if their specific gravity is less than 1.0.

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33
Q

What does variation in the number of neutrons create?

A

Variation in the number of neutrons creates a radioactive isotope

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34
Q

Explain elements?

A

Each element is made up of atoms. * The nucleus of each atom has protons, and neutrons. * Orbiting the nucleus are electrons. ➢Protons - (+) positive electrical charge ➢Neutrons – no electrical charge ➢Electrons – (-) negative electrical charge

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35
Q

What are Alpha particles?

A

Have weight and mass – Cannot travel far from nucleus (less than a few centimeters)

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36
Q

What are Beta particles?

A

May break chemical bonds at the molecular level and cause damage to living tissue. * This is known as Ionizing Radiation

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37
Q

What are gamma rays?

A

No mass, no electrical charge – Pure electromagnetic energy – Travel at the speed of light – Most energetic type of radiation responders may encounter – Can be deadly, and self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) will not protect you – Typical sources * Cesium * Cobalt

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38
Q

What is secondary contamination?

A

Contamination through direct contact with a contaminated person or object – Also known as cross contamination

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39
Q

What is lethal concentration? (LC)

A

Concentration of a material in air (gaseous state) that is expected to kill a specified number of the group of test animals when administered over a specific period of time * When LD or LC are followed by a number, it indicates the percentage of test subjects that will die when exposed to a specific amount

40
Q

What is internal capacity?

A

Maximum capacity greater than 450 L (119 gal) – Maximum net mass greater than 400 kg (882 lb) and a maximum capacity greater than 450 L (119 gal) as a receptacle for a solid – Water capacity greater than 454 kg (1000 lb) as a receptacle for a gas

41
Q

What are the types of portable tankers?

A

IM-101 portable tanks (IMO type 1 internationally) – IM-102 portable tanks (IMO type 2 internationally) - Pressure intermodal tanks (IMO type 5 internationally) (high-pressure vessels) - Cryogenic intermodal tanks (IMO type 7 internationally)

42
Q

What are totes?

A

portable plastic tank inside a rigid stainless steel frame or a square metal tank around 1.2 m (4 ft) wide and 1.8 m (6 ft) tall.

43
Q

Name a Non pressure liquid cargo tank?

A

MC-306/DOT 406 cargo tanks – Familiar oval-shaped highway gasoline tanker – Frequently carry * Liquid food-grade products * Gasoline * Other flammable and combustible liquids – Nonpressurized

44
Q

Name a Low-pressure chemical cargo tank?

A

MC-307/DOT 407 chemical haulers – Holds 22,680 to 26,460 L (6000 to 7000 gal) – May have a higher internal working pressure – May be insulated or Uninsulated (insulated may be referred to as being horseshoe-shaped.

45
Q

Name a high pressure cargo tank?

A

MC-331 – Carries ammonia, Freon®, propane and butane

46
Q

Name a Cryogenic liquid cargo tank?

A

MC-338 – Low-pressure tank – Relies on tank insulation to maintain low temperatures – Normal for small puffs of white vapor to vent from relief valve

47
Q

What do pressure tank cars transport?

A

Transport propane, ammonia, ethylene oxide, and chlorine – Internal pressures range from 689 to 3447 kPa (100 to 500 psi) – Top-mounted fittings for loading and unloading – High volumes can generate long-duration, high-pressure leaks

48
Q

What do Railway gondolas carry?

A

They Carry lumber, scrap metal, coal, and pipes

49
Q

Agents that take a longer time to evaporate than water, are called?

A

persistent

50
Q

What are symptoms of exposure?

A

Pinpoint pupils – Runny nose – Drooling – Difficulty breathing – Tearing – Twitching – Diarrhea – Convulsions or seizures – Loss of consciousness

51
Q

What is SLUDGEM?

A

Salivation, Lacrimation, Urination, Defecation, Gastric upset, Emesis, Miosis

52
Q

What is a DuoDote™ auto-injector?

A

Most common field-level medical treatment – Developed as a nerve agent exposure antidote – Contains: * Atropine * 2-PAM – Many EMS carry these antidotes in their vehicles – May be ineffective after a period of time

53
Q

What is Bacillus anthracis?

A

A infectious disease

54
Q

How many anthrax spores are needed to cause an anthrax infection?

A

8,000 to 10,000

55
Q

Where is plague found?

A

Plague is found on rodents

56
Q

Smallpox symptoms are?

A

First presents with – Small red spots – Rash in mouth * Lesions – All in same stage of development at the same time – Found on palms and soles

57
Q

How is radioactive package labeling determined?

A

Radioactive package labeling is determined by the amount of radiation measured outside the package

58
Q

What are the five major categories of packaging?

A

Industrial radioactive packaging –Type A packaging (least protection) –Type B packaging –Type C packaging (most protection)

59
Q

What is the dirty bomb?

A

Radiation dispersal device (RDD) – Involves packing radioactive material around an explosive device. – Only a few radioactive sources can be effectively used.

60
Q

What is Threshold limit value/time-weighted average (TLV/TWA)?

A

(maximum concentration to which an adult can be exposed 8 hours per day, 40 hours per week)

61
Q

What is concentration?

A

Expressed as a percentage for gasses – Amount of solute in a given amount of solution – Can range from concentrated to dilute

62
Q

What are the NFPA 1994 classes?

A

Class 2: liquid-splash garment performance with SCBA – Class 3: liquid-splash garment performance with APR – Class 4: performance requirements for particles and liquid-borne viral protection

63
Q

What is Secondary Contamination?

A

Also known as cross contamination * Process of transferring a hazardous material from its source to people, animals, the environment, or equipment, which may act as carriers. Eg. Contact with runoff from firefighting operations on an ignited material.

64
Q

When does secondary contamination occur?

A

Occurs when a contaminated person or object comes into direct contact with another person or object. Eg. Transporting a victim from a hazardous materials incident in an ambulance.

65
Q

What is a CAN report?

A

Conditions – Current status or incident status * Actions – What you are doing – What the team is doing – What is occurring with the incident * Needs – Additional resources needed

66
Q

What are the Shuns? and when should you use them?

A

When evacuation a large number of people.
Contamination – Communication – Transportation – Nutrition – Sanitation – Habitation – Compassion

67
Q

What are general staff functions?

A

Groups and divisions – Group * Assembled to relieve span of control issue (typical span of control is 3 to 7 subordinates for every supervisor) * Consists of functional assignments that may not be tied to any one geographic location – Division * Companies and crews working in the same geographic location – Both place several single resources under one supervisor

68
Q

Where is Benzopyrene found?

A

Found in –Vehicle exhaust –Grilled food –Tobacco smoke –Smoke generated from fires

69
Q

Examples of PAHs include?

A

Anthracene – Benzopyrene – Methylchrysene – Phenanthrene – Pyrene

70
Q

What happened to monkeys exposed to cyanide?

A

Monkeys exposed to cyanide lost consciousness at 200 parts per million (ppm).

71
Q

What will cyanide and carbon monoxide do?

A

Cyanide and carbon monoxide may potentiate the harmful effects of one another.

72
Q

What is Cyanide toxicity?

A

Cyanide toxicity is the inability to use oxygen for aerobic metabolism.

73
Q

What is carbon monoxide?

A

One of the most common industrial hazards * Colorless and odorless * Produced during incomplete combustion * Affects oxygen-carrying capacity of red blood cells, causing hypoxia (losing the ability to transport oxygen to the blood)

74
Q

What is a CYANOKIT (hydroxocobalamin)?

A

Emergency treatment used in patients with known or suspected cyanide poisoning

75
Q

When should you use Detection Devices at the Fire Scene?

A

Immediately dangerous to life and health (IDLH) * Requires breathing apparatus or withdrawal – Short-term exposure limit (STEL) * 15-minute exposure; limit four times a day – Recommended exposure limit (REL) * 10-hour exposure

76
Q

What is the reaction time of Photoionization Detector (PID)?

A

Reaction time of 1 to 2 seconds

77
Q

How to determine PPE?

A

Responders must correlate the mission with the anticipated hazards – National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)-approved self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) required when possibility of exposure to a concentration considered to be immediately dangerous to life or health (IDLH) eg. Possible exposure to ammonia exceeding 300 ppm.

78
Q

What is NFPA 1991?

A

Standard on VaporProtective Ensembles for Hazardous Materials Emergencies

79
Q

What is Level A ppe?

A

Offers limited visibility * Effective against alpha radiation only * Must meet NFPA 1991 requirements * Requires open-circuit, positive-pressure SCBA or SAR

80
Q

What is Level B ppe?

A

Provides little or no flash fire protection

81
Q

What should you use SCBA for?

A

Ideal for simple asphyxiants ( eg. Nitrogen) and oxygen-deficient atmospheres

82
Q

What are the most commonly used materials in Chemical Protective Equipment?

A

Most commonly used materials – Butyl rubber – Tyvek® – Saranex® – Polyvinyl chloride – Viton® * No single fabric provides satisfactory protection from all chemicals.

83
Q

What are forced-air cooling systems?

A

Force prechilled air through system of hoses worn close to the body * Cooler air passes skin, drawing heat away * Functions as first level of cooling * Systems are lightweight and provide long-term cooling benefits. * Mobility is limited because of umbilicals attached to external, fixed compressors.

84
Q

Disadvantages of Ice-Cooled or Gel-packed Vests?

A

Bulkier and heavier than forced-air systems – May cause discomfort due to cold temperature near skin – Cold temperature near skin may fool body into thinking it is cold, encouraging it to retain even more heat.

85
Q

What is Phase-Change Cooling Technology?

A

Vest fabric wicks perspiration away from the body.

86
Q

Going Through Technical Decontamination in PPE Steps?

A

Proceed to the cold zone end of the corridor. – Helmets, face pieces, and any other ancillary equipment are removed. – You remove and discard inner gloves. – Personal clothing removed last.

87
Q

What is a Overflow dam?

A

Constructed for a material that has a specific gravity greater than 1. * Contains materials heavier than water * Dam base is built up to a level that holds back flow of water. * PVC pipe or hard suction hose is installed at a slight angle to allow water to flow “over” released liquid.

88
Q

What is a Underflow Dam?

A

Constructed for a material that has a specific gravity lighter than 1 (lighter than water) * Piping is installed near bottom of dam so water flows “under” dam. * Materials floating on water accumulate at top of dam area.

89
Q

Where is Remote Valve Shut-off on MC306/DOT 406 cargo tanks?

A

MC306/DOT 406 cargo tanks – Carry flammable and combustible liquids and Class B poisons – Remote shut-off valves located at front of cargo tank on driver’s side or rear of cargo tank on passenger side

90
Q

Where is Remote Valve Shut-off on MC-307/DOT 407 cargo tanks?

A

Carry chemicals transported at low pressure (flammable and combustible liquids)

91
Q

Where is Remote Valve Shut-off on Intermodal tanks?

A

Both shipping and storage vessels. – Remote shut-off valve on * The side of the container, near the discharge end.

92
Q

What to consider when using vapor dispersion?

A

Consider consequences before dispersing vapors. – Highly flammable vapors could ignite. – Dispersed vapors could spread contamination outside hot zone.

93
Q

Is reducing temperature a good solution?

A

Suppresses vapor formation in some materials, but is not easily accomplished except in cases of small spills

94
Q

What is Aqueous Film-Forming Foam (AFFF)?

A

Designed to form blanket – Over spilled flammable liquids to suppress vapors – On actively burning pools of flammable liquids

95
Q

What is Fluoroprotein Foam?

A

Used on fires or spills involving gasoline, oil, or similar products (Class B)

Environmental Protection (8 decks)

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