Test #1 Flashcards
Cell Membrane
contains everything in the cell.
Phospholipids
hydro- water philic- like Like water.
Lipid
fatty acid these can diffuse (move from high to low) across cell membranes
membrane proteins
gated channels on the membrane
carier proteins
bind and transport solutes across the cell membrane (active transport)
active transport
moves a substance against concentration gradient. moves a solute from (low) ->(high)
receptors
are the lock that needs a key (insulin is the key, to allow glucose to enter the cell) insulin binds to the receptor
facilitated transport
moving a solute (sugar for example) from a high to low concentration. glucose is large molecule, so it needs to be facilitated into the cell, where there is a low concentration of sugar there.
Gated ion channels
open and close at specific times
agonist
triggers the response of a cell (receptor)
antagonist
halts the response of a cell (receptor)
cell identifier
tells cells who they are, as self or non-self (good guy or bad guy)
cytoplasm
surrounds and supports all the cell organelles.
cytoskeleton
the matrix that give the cell its support the “skeleton” of the cell
organnells
all suspend in the cell, think of our own organs, all all serve a different function
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
the transporter (moves things through the cytoplasm.)
Rough endoplasmic reticulum ER
contains the ribosomes where protein is synthesized (produced)
Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum ER
site that steroid are synthesized (produced)
mitocondria
the power house (converts food into energy, ATP.) Krebs Cycle, cellular respiration
Golgi Apparatus
This is the packing plant. Its where the cell will package proteins give it a final touches on protein
Ribosomes
site that the synthesis of protein is (rough ER)
Lysosomes
the digestive plant of the cell (where all the waist within the cell is handled)
centrioles
help separate the chromosomes during mitosis
Nucleus
holds all the important information (the computer of the cell) has the DNA.
what are the functions of a cell?
- movement (muscle, myocyts)
- metabolic absorption (kindneys and intestinal cells)
- respiration (all cells, creating engergy)
- reproduction (most cells)
- secretion (mucous gland cells)
- excretion (all cells)
- conductivity (nerve cells)
endocrine signalling
when the cells respond to hormones
paracine signaling
when the cells send a chemicle signal to the surrounding cells
autocine signaling
when the cell sends a message to itself.
juxtacrine signaling
when the cell sends a message the cells immediately adjacent to it.
Juxta- next to
synaptic signaling
neurotransmitter
synaps - nerve ending
Atrophy
A- without
Trophy- growth
Hypertrophy
Hyper- above
Trophy- growth
increases in size and demands more glucose and O2 to function.
it should revert back after muscle demand is done (think working out)
hyperplasia
hyper- above
plasia- multiply
increase in the number of specific type of cell
dysplasia
dys- difficult
plasia- multiply
Metaplasia
Meta- “comprehesive lacking”
Plasia- multiplying
transformation of one type of mature cell into another type of mature cell
how can chemicals harm cells
how do infections change cells
Bacteria- too big for the cell, triggers inflammatory resonse
what area of the bone are cells made?
the marrow
what bones are the primary cell producers
pelvis
scapula
sternum
eythrocytes
red blood cells
leukocystes
white blood cell
anemia
Anemia results from a lack of red blood cells
polycythemia
poly- too many
is a type of blood cancer. It causes your bone marrow to make too many red blood cells
platelets
aggregation
What are receptors?
They signal specific action.
Baro Receptors
The see the pressure changes
- kidneys
- carotid
Chemo Receptors
- see the change in the chemical imbalance in the body.
osmoreceptors
senses the change in osmolarity in the body.
-Triggers Thirst
Beta 1
- this is what will make the heart go faster. But it really effects the:
- inotropic
- dronotropic
- chronotropic
effects of the heart
Beta 2
- This is a smooth muscle dialator.
- Vasodialates
There are B2 sites in the lungs. Not really anywhere else.
Opens lungs
Alpha 1
- This is a vasoconstricter
Smooth muscle constricter
Found in our arteries and veins most.
Alpha 2
This is in our centroneurogenic (Brain)
-when it is stimulated by Epi, it tells the adrinal gland to stop producing epi (negative feed back loop). The adrenal glad will continue, IF it gets another signal from the synaps that is firing from the sympothetic nervous system.
catecholamines
a group of chemical that is released during Sympathetic reaction:
- Epinephrine (adrenaline)
- Dopamine
- Norephinephrine
acetylcholine
- slows the heart (the parasympathetic response)
- have on AV and SA node, no effect on the ventricles
what is natrium?
Sodium (NA+)
What is Kelemia
Potassium (K)
Normal Levels for acid bases?
7.35-7.45
Going down in number is acidotic going up in number is alkolinic
Normal Levels of PaCO2
35-45
Think of you Capno readings
Normal levels of PaO2?
There is no max
This is why O2 can be dangerous to our stroke and MI pts. The O2 will start to change chemicle compounds in the tissue and create free radicals.
What will cause metibolic acidosis?
Shock
How does Bicarb work on acids?
Bicard is an alkolitic chemicle and will healp weaken the acid
How does a protein buffer work for acidic pts?
carboxyhemoglobin travels to the lungs, makes carbonic acid, dissociates to CO2 and H2O and we breath it off.
what is ADH
Antidiaretic Hormone
STOPS YOU FROM PEEING
-Alcohol will activate the release of ADH, so rather than holding onto water, you pee it out.
Sodium Levels
135-145
Role is for neuro transmitter
Potassium
3.5-5.5
Roles is for the function and contraction of heart muscle
Calcium
4.5-5.5
For the strength and forceability
Magnesium
1.8-2.4
What ETCO value equals death?
<10mm
Return of Spontaneous Circulation (ROSC)
Spontaneous return of ETC02 30 mm HG means return of spontaneous pulse.
Need to get the patient ventilated.
3 3 2 Rule
(airway management)
Three fingers in mouth, three finger on neck, 2 finger between posterior neck and cricoid cartilage.
Helps tell you if their mouth is big enough to open, they have enough room to move their tounge out of the way, and that they have a long enough neck to see the chords
vallecula
the depression of pocket between the base of the tongue and epiglottis.
