Research Flashcards
Hawthorne effect
the alteration of behavior by the subjects of a study due to their awareness of being observed.
Causation
causation is when on factor (or variable) causes another = lead poisoning and brain damage.
correlation
Correlation is when two factors (or variable) are related, but one does not necessarily cause another = trampolines and joint injuries.
Double blind studies
a method of studying a drug or procedure in which both the subjects and investigators are kept unaware of who is actually getting which specific treatment.
Statistical terms
-n
population size, how many pieces of data in the set
Statistical Terms
Average
Describes the center of a set of data
Statistical terms
Mode
most frequent number
Standard deviation
measures the spread of data about the mean value
Confidence intervals
range of values we are fairly sure the true value lies in
Hypothesis
has to provide value to the community in which we are researching
Quantitative
numbers
Objective based
Qualitative
Observation
Immersed in some sort of environment. Very subjective
Prospective studies-
Move into the future. Follow patients and monitor outcomes.
Retrospective studies- (most common)
Very easy to do - since you’re just looking back at past events.
But we can’t set parameters. (could be back too far, and have irrelevant information)
It is collecting data from reports (Data Mining)
Cohort studies
groups of people with common characteristics.
Case-control studies
Multiple groups, normal drug, new drug, and placebo. Uses control group to monitor progress
Randomized studies
nobody knows anything. In EMS different treatments on odd/even days. No bias of the researcher if completely random
Cross-sectional studies
Measures the prevalence of health out comes or determinants of health in a population at a point in time or over a short period.
Blinded or Double-Blinded studies
everyone is blind to the study. Takes away the Bias
Double Blinded study gives the best data from the study
Ethical review boards
IRB (investigational review board) approval-3rd Party!
White paper
EMS created in 1966 we are under DOT
Prospective studies
forward in time, randomized
Retrospective studies
after the event, collect data from reports
Randomized studies
control and study groups at random
Ethics
treating patients with what is known to work (not risking consequences)
Blinded studies
pt, practitioner, or both dont know if standard therapy or therapy being studied being administered (single & double blinded)
scientific Method
- ask the question
- conduct literature review to seek answers
- determine a hypothesis based on literature review
- test the hypothesis
- analyze the data to prove or disprove hypothesis, consider limitations
- report findings, discuss limitations
- repeat with findings
