Territorial integrity

Question 1

Formation of territorial integrity

Answer 1

Land - 2nd largest area - of 30 provinces, 3 largest populated by ethnic groups (Xinjiang (16% of area), Tibet, Inner Mongolia) Population - 1.3 billion - 55 ethnic minorities (100 million people, make up 8.1% of population) History - 19th-20th centuries fought wars for independence Resources - Xinjiang provides 1/3d of China’s oil and gas, over 40% of China’s coal reserves; of 171 ores in China, 138 are from Xinjiang. Tibet has 40 million tonnes of copper (1/3d of China’s whole) and a billion tonnes of high-grade iron.

Question 2

Debates about territorial integrity

Answer 2

Cultural differences - Tibet = Buddhist, Xijian = Muslim Periods of de facto or de jure independence - Tibet was rules for 36 years by the 13th Dalai Lama after Qing Dynasty troops withdrew following the Xinhai revolution of 1911-12 - Only under direct Chinese control for 60 years - Repressive policies

Question 3

Policies for territorial integrity

Answer 3

Destruction of Kashgar - Old Uyghur town - 85% of buildings to be destroyed - Condemned by MEP - since 2006 Forced migration - teen Uyghur women - since June 2006 - sent to Eastern provinces to work (officials put pressure on parents) - work 12 hours a day, not allowed to speak Uyghur - aim to get 400,000 moved Increased internal public security spending - $84 billion in 2010 - higher than defence budget

Question 4

Outcomes of territorial integrity

Answer 4

• One China maintained - peaceful rise affected - Turkish president called treatment of Uyghurs “cultural genocide”, called for boycott of Chinese goods - 21 people killed in violent clashes in April 2013 (over 50% of “endangering state security” trials in Xinjiang; home to less than 2% of total population) - Ma Ying Jeou stated in April 2013 that “we’ll by no means push for… ‘Taiwan independence’”- East Turkistan Independence Movement (ETIM) October 28, 2013 attack