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BIOL 1009 > Terms from Biology Videos > Flashcards

Terms from Biology Videos Flashcards

1
Q

DNA Polymerase

A

Enzyme that carries out DNA replication

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2
Q

Helicase

A

Breaks apart double stranded DNA

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3
Q

Primase

A

Creates RNA primer

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4
Q

Primer

A

Pairs with template strand to initiate DNA replication

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5
Q

Ligase

A

Joins molecules together to form one large molecule

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6
Q

Okazaki Fragment

A

Short, newly synthesized DNA fragments that are formed on the lagging strand

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7
Q

Leading Strand

A

Strand that is in the direction of the growing replication fork

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8
Q

Lagging Strand

A

Strand that is in the opposite direction of the growing replication fork

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9
Q

DNA is read in the __ to __ direction

A

3’ to 5’

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10
Q

DNA is synthesized in the __ to __ direction

A

5’ to 3’

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11
Q

Proto-oncogene

A

Normal cellular gene that regulates cell division and growth

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12
Q

Tumor Suppressor Gene

A

Genes preventing the proliferation of cancer in cells

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13
Q

What are the four reasons why proto-oncogenes can mutate into oncogenes?

A
  1. Missense mutation
  2. Gene amplifications
  3. Chromosomal translocations
  4. Viral integration
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14
Q

What are the three types of mutations?

A
  1. Chromosomal mutations
  2. Genome mutations
  3. Gene mutations
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15
Q

Silent Mutation

A

Base substitutions that do not alter the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide

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16
Q

Missense Mutation

A

Base substitutions in which an amino acid change does occur

17
Q

Nonsense Mutation

A

Base substitutions that change a normal codon to a stop codon

18
Q

Frameshift Mutation

A

Involving the addition or deletion of a number of nucleotides that is not divisible by three

19
Q

PCR

A

A technology which allows us to amplify single or multiple copies of DNA pieces to make millions of copies of DNA sequences.

20
Q

What components are required for PCR?

A
  1. DNA template
  2. Two primers
  3. Taq polymerase
  4. dNTPs
  5. Buffer solution
  6. Mg2+
  7. K+
21
Q

What are the steps of PCR?

A
  1. Denaturation (heating)
  2. Annealing (binding)
  3. Elongation
22
Q

DNA

A

Double stranded (sugar and phosphate sides) molecule that carries genetic information

23
Q

Codominance

A

Situation in which two different alleles for a genetic trait are both expressed
Essentially, both alleles are expressed because they share dominance

24
Q

Incomplete Dominance

A

Form of intermediate inheritance in which one allele for a specific trait is not completely expressed over its paired allele.
• Results in a third phenotype in which the expressed physical trait is a combination of the phenotypes of both alleles (like a red and white flower leading to a pink flower).

25
Q

Pleiotropy

A

Phenomenon of one gene being responsible for or affecting more than one phenotypic characteristic.

26
Q

Epistasis

A

When the expression of one gene is affected by the expression of one or more independently inherited genes
ex: people who are born with the albinism gene will have no pigmentation even if their genes for hair, skin, and eye color indicate they should have high levels of melanin

27
Q

Mitosis

A

Process where a single cell divides into two identical daughter cells (cell division).

28
Q

Meiosis

A

Specialized form of cell division that produces reproductive cells, such as plant and fungal spores, sperm and egg cells. Consists of meiosis I (reduction) and meiosis II (division)

29
Q

Cell Growth Checkpoint

A
  • Occurs toward end of G1 phase
  • Makes sure cell is big enough and has made proper proteins for S phase
  • Goes through resting period (G0 phase) if it does not meet criteria in order to divide
30
Q

DNA Synthesis Checkpoint

A
  • Occurs during synthesis (S) phase

* Makes sure DNA has been replicated correctly

31
Q

Mitosis Checkpoint

A
  • Occurs in mitosis (M) phase
  • Makes sure mitosis is complete
  • Rinse and repeat the cell cycle

BIOL 1009 (7 decks)

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