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BIOL 1009 > Class 22 - End > Flashcards

Class 22 - End Flashcards

1
Q

Adaptation

A

Inherited characteristic of an organism that enhances their survival and reproduction in specific environments

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2
Q

Directional Selection

A

Selection occurring when conditions favor those with one extreme of a phenotypic range, shifting a population’s frequency curve for the phenotypic character

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3
Q

Disruptive Selection

A

Selection occurring when conditions favor those at both extremes of a phenotypic range over those with intermediate phenotypes

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4
Q

Founder Effect

A

when a small group, isolated from the larger population, establishes a new population whose gene pool differs from the source population

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5
Q

Gene Flow

A

The transfer of alleles into or out of a population due to the movement of fertile individuals or their gametes

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6
Q

Genetic Drift

A

Allele frequencies fluctuating from one generation to the next

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7
Q

Gene Pool

A

All copies of every type of allele at every locus in all members of the population

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8
Q

Hardy-Weinberg Equation

A

p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1

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9
Q

Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium

A

When a population isn’t evolving– allele and genotype frequencies remain constant from generation to generation (provided that only Mendelian segregation and recombination of alleles are at work)

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10
Q

Microevolution

A

Change in allele frequencies in a population over generations. Can be due to natural selection, genetic drift, and gene flow

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11
Q

Non-random Mating

A

When you pick a mate out of proximity as opposed to a luck of the draw out of the entire population of suitors. Like it wouldn’t be random of me to mate with someone from my immediate location as opposed to someone across the globe.

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12
Q

Relative Fitness

A

The contribution an individual makes to the gene pool of the next generation RELATIVE to the contributions of others

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13
Q

Stabilizing Selection

A

Selection acting against both extreme phenotypes and favors intermediate variants

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14
Q

Analogous Structure

A

When species share features because of convergent evolution

→ shares similar function, NOT ancestry

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15
Q

Artificial Selection

A

Process of modifying species over many generations by selecting and breeding individuals possessing desired traits

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16
Q

Binomial Nomenclature

A

Two part format for naming species (genus + species)

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17
Q

Biogeography

A

Scientific study of the geographic distributions of species

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18
Q

Comparative Anatomy

A

The study of similarities and differences in the anatomy of different species

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19
Q

Comparative Embryology

A

Compares and contrasts embryos of different species. It is used to show how all animals are related

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20
Q

Convergent Evolution

A

The independent evolution of similar features in different lineages

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21
Q

Endosymbiosis

A

Symbiosis in which one of the symbiotic organisms lives inside the other.

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22
Q

Fossil

A

Remain or trace of an organism from the past

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23
Q

Homologous Structures

A

Structures in different species that are similar because of common ancestry. ex: mammalian forelimbs

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24
Q

Radiometric Dating

A

Method of dating geological or archeological specimens by determining the relative proportions of particular radioactive isotopes present in a sample

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25
Q

Strata

A

Layers of rock (singular : stratum)

Can show fossil age (top layer of rock would have younger fossils than the bottom layer)

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26
Q

Systematics

A

Discipline focused on classifying organisms and determining their evolutionary relationships

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27
Q

Taxonomy

A

Discipline that names and classifies organisms

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28
Q

Transitional Form

A

Fossils or organisms that show the intermediate states between an ancestral form and that of its descendants

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29
Q

Vestigial Structure

A

Remnants of features that served a function in the organism’s ancestors but don’t serve a contemporary function

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30
Q

Ancestral Character State

A

.

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31
Q

Character

A

.

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32
Q

Character State

A

.

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33
Q

Derived Character State

A

.

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34
Q

Homoplasy

A

Analogous structure that arose independently (convergent evolution)

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35
Q

Lineage

A

A sequence of species each of which is considered to have evolved from its predecessor.

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36
Q

Linnean (Hierarchical) Classification

A 
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
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37
Q

Outgroup

A

Species or group of species from an evolutionary lineage that is known to have diverged before the lineage that includes the species being studied
→ The species being studied is called the ingroup

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38
Q

Phylogeny

A

The evolutionary history of species or group of species

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39
Q

Principle of Parsimony

A

The principle that the simplest explanation that can explain the data is to be preferred. In the analysis of phylogeny, parsimony means that a hypothesis of relationships that requires the smallest number of character changes is most likely to be correct.

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40
Q

Taxonomy

A

Discipline that names and classifies organisms

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41
Q

Allopatric Separation

A

Gene flow is interrupted when a population is divided into geographically isolated subpopulations.

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42
Q

Allopatric Separation

A

Gene flow is interrupted when a population is divided into geographically isolated subpopulations .

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43
Q

Allopolyploid

A

Fertile polyploid that can’t interbreed with the parent species (essentially, it’s a new species)

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44
Q

Autopolyploid

A

Individual that has more than two chromosome sets that are all derived from a single species

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45
Q

Biological Species Concept

A

Defines a species as a group of populations whose members have the potential to interbreed in nature and produce viable, fertile offspring but don’t produce such offspring with members of other such groups

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46
Q

Ecological Species Concept

A

Defines a species in terms of its ecological niche, the sum of how members of the species interact with the nonliving and living parts of their environment

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47
Q

Hybrids

A

Offspring resulting from interspecific mating

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48
Q

Macroevolution

A

The broad pattern of evolution above the species level

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49
Q

Morphological Species Concept

A

Distinguishes a species by body shape and other structural features

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50
Q

Phylogenetic Species Concept

A

Defines a species as the smallest group of individuals that share a common ancestry, forming one branch on the tree of life

51
Q

Polyploidy

A

Accident during cell division resulting in extra sets of chromosomes

52
Q

Postzygotic Reproductive Isolating Mechanism

A

Prevents hybrid from growing into a viable, fertile adult. Done through:

  • reduced hybrid viability
  • reduce hybrid fertility
  • hybrid breakdown (feeble/sterile offspring)
53
Q

Prezygotic Reproductive Isolating Mechanism

A

Blocks fertilization from occurring. Done through:

  • impeding members of different species from mating
  • preventing an attempted mating from completing successfully
  • hindering fertilization if mating is completed
54
Q

Reproductive Isolation

A

Existence of biological factors (barriers) that impede members of two species from interbreeding and having offspring

55
Q

Species

A

The largest group of organisms in which two individuals are capable of reproducing fertile offspring

56
Q

Sympatric Model of Speciation

A

When speciation occurs between sympatric organisms.

57
Q

Sympatry

A

When organisms exist in the same geographic area and thus regularly encounter one another.

58
Q

Autotrophy

A

Organism capable of self-nourishment by using inorganic materials as a source of nutrients and using photosynthesis or chemosynthesis as a source of energy

59
Q

Biogeochemical Cycle

A

Pathway by which a chemical substance moves through both biotic (biosphere) and abiotic (lithosphere, atmosphere, and hydrosphere) compartments of Earth

60
Q

Biome

A

Major life zones characterized by vegetation type in terrestrial biomes or by the physical environment in aquatic biomes

61
Q

Climograph

A

Plot of the annual mean temperature and precipitation in a certain region

62
Q

Detritivore (Decomposer)

A

Organisms that nourish themselves by eating detritus (nonliving organic waste)

63
Q

Ecology

A

Scientific study of the interactions between organisms and the environment

64
Q

Ecosystem

A

Community of organisms in an area and the physical factors with which those organisms interact

65
Q

Energy Pyramid

A

Shows how energy is transferred from the lowest trophic structure to the highest trophic structure

66
Q

Food Chain

A

The transfer of food energy up the trophic level from its source in autotrophs up to decomposers

67
Q

Food Web

A

The interconnected feeding relationships in an ecosystem

68
Q

Heterotrophy

A

Organism deriving its nutritional requirements from complex organic substances

69
Q

Primary Production

A

The amount of light energy converted to chemical energy by autotrophs during a given time period

70
Q

Producer

A

Autotroph synthesizing sugars and organic compounds

71
Q

Trophic Structure (Level)

A

Refers to whether an organism is a producer, primary consumer, secondary consumer…
where they are on the food chain

72
Q

Speciation

A

The process by which one species splits into two or more species

73
Q

Age Structure

A

The relative number of individuals of each age in the population

74
Q

Carrying Capacity (K)

A

The maximum population size that a particular environment can sustain

75
Q

Density-dependent

A

Death rate that increases with population density or a birth rate that falls with rising density

76
Q

Density-independent

A

A birth or death rate that doesn’t change with population density

77
Q

Exponential Population Growth

A

Population increase under perfect, unlimited conditions, occurring when r[inst] is less than zero and is constant at each instant in time
→ creates a J curve
dN/dt = r[inst]N

78
Q

K-selection

density dependent selection

A

Selection for traits that are sensitive to population density and are favored at high densities.

79
Q

Life History

A

The traits that affect an organism’s schedule of reproduction and survival

80
Q

Life Table

A

Age-specific summaries of the survival pattern of a population

81
Q

Logistic Population Growth

A

The per capita rate of increase approaches zero as the population size nears its carrying capacity
→ sigmoid (S) curve

82
Q

Per Capita Rate of Increase

A

▲N / ▲t = B - D

83
Q

Population

A

Group of individuals of a single species living in the same general area

84
Q

Density

A

The number of individuals per unit area or volume

85
Q

Dispersion

A

The pattern of spacing among individuals within the boundaries of the population

86
Q

r-selection

density independent selection

A

Selection for traits that maximize reproductive success in uncrowded environment

87
Q

Sex Ratio

A

.Ratio of males to females in a population

88
Q

Survivorship Curve

A

Plot of the proportion or numbers in a cohort still alive at each age

89
Q

Gross Production

A

Total primary production in an ecosystem

90
Q

Net Primary Population

A

GPP - Ra
GPP is gross production
Ra is the energy used by primary producers for autotrophic respiration)

91
Q

Primary Consumer

A

Herbivores that eat plants and other primary producers

92
Q

Secondary Consumer

A

Carnivores that eat herbivores

93
Q

Tertiary Consumer

A

Carnivore that eats other carnivores

94
Q

Amensalism

A

When the interspecific interaction harms one species but doesn’t help or harm the other

95
Q

Aposematic (Warning) Coloration

A

Coloring warning of effective chemical defenses

poison dart frog

96
Q

Character Displacement

A

Tendency for characteristics to diverge more in sympatric than allopatric populations of two species

97
Q

Coevolution

A

The joint evolution of two interacting species, each in response to selection imposed by the other

98
Q

Commensalism

A

When the interspecific interaction benefits one species but neither harms nor helps the other

99
Q

Community

A

A group of populations of different species living close enough to interact

100
Q

Competition

A

When two species use the same resources and one succeeds in winning the resource, the other loses

101
Q

Competitive Exclusion Principle

A

.When slight reproductive advantage eventually leads to the local elimination of the inferior competitor

102
Q

Cryptic Coloration

A

Camoflage

103
Q

Fundamental Niche

A

Niche that can potentially be occupied by a species

104
Q

Interspecific Interaction

A

Interactions with individuals of different species

This includes: competition, predation, herbivory, symbiosis, facilitation

105
Q

Keystone Species

A

Species not usually abundant in a community but is necessary for the community or it will fall apart

106
Q

Mimicry

A

When one species mimics an unpalatable species in order to prevent predation, or when two unpalatable species look similar.

107
Q

Mutualism

A

Interspecific interaction between organisms that benefits both species

108
Q

Ecological Niche

A

The sum of a species’ use of the abiotic and biotic resources in its environment

109
Q

Parasitism

A

When one organism, the parasite, derives its nourishment from another organism, the host, which is harmed in the process

110
Q

Predation

A

Where one species, the predator, kills and eats the other, the prey

111
Q

Realized Niche

A

Niche that an organism actually occupies

Smaller than the fundamental niche

112
Q

Resource Partitioning

A

The differentiation of niches that enables similar species to coexist in a community

113
Q

Symbiosis

A

When two or more species live in direct and intimate contact with one another

114
Q

Anthropogenic Extinction

A

Extinctions due to human activity.

115
Q

Background Extinction

A

The standard rate of extinction in earth’s geological and biological history before humans became a primary contributor to extinctions

116
Q

Ecosystem Services

A

All the processes through which natural ecosystems help sustain human life

117
Q

Edge Effect

A

The changes in population or community structures that occur at the boundary of two habitats

118
Q

Exotic (Introduced) Species

A

Species that humans accidentally or intentionally move from the species’ native regions to new geographic locations

119
Q

Habitat Island

A

.

120
Q

Habitat Fragmentation

A

.

121
Q

Island Biogeography

A

.

122
Q

Redundancy

A

.

123
Q

Species-Area Curve

A

All other factors being equal, the larger the geographic area of a community, the more species it has

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