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BIOL 1009 > Major Lab Quiz #2 > Flashcards

Major Lab Quiz #2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the difference between heterotrophs and autotrophs?

A

Heterotrophs are consumers- they have to get their nourishment from the environment- while autotrophs are producers- they can generate their own food.

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2
Q

What are the four primary sets of reactions involved with cellular aerobic respiration in eukaryotic cells?

A
  1. Glycolysis
  2. Pyruvate Oxidation
  3. The Citric Acid (Krebs) Cycle
  4. Oxidative Phosphorylation
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3
Q

Where does glycolysis take place?

A

Cytoplasm

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4
Q

Where does pyruvate oxidation take place?

A

Mitochondrial matrix

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5
Q

Where does the Krebs Cycle take place?

A

Mitochondrial matrix

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6
Q

Where does oxidative phosphorylation take place?

A

Inner membrane (cristae) of the mitochondria

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7
Q

What two processes does oxidative phosphorylation include?

A
  1. Electron Transport

2. ATP Synthesis

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8
Q

Which reaction in cellular aerobic respiration yields the most ATP?

A

Oxidative phosphorylation, which yields 30-36 ATP

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9
Q

What is an electron donor?

A

Molecule that donates an electron. In the electron transport chain, this molecule will give an electron to the succeeding molecule, and so on and so forth.

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10
Q

What is the terminal electron acceptor?

A

The final molecule to accept an electron from the preceding electron donor. In the electron transport chain, the terminal electron acceptor would be oxygen.

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11
Q

What is the purpose of cellular respiration?

A

To transfer energy from organic molecules to ATP, which is energy in a form usable by the body.

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12
Q

What organism did we use to study fermentation?

A

Yeast

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13
Q

Why did we use yeast to study fermentation?

A

We used yeast because it’s a facultative anaerobe, meaning it can use cellular respiration in the presence of oxygen or ferment when oxygen isn’t present.

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14
Q

What is NAD+/NADH?

A

Electron carrier used to temporarily store energy during cellular respiration. NAD+ is reduced to NADH.
(nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide)

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15
Q

What is NADP+/NADPH?

A

Electron carrier that transfers high-energy electrons from chlorophyll to other molecules (PHOTOSYNTHESIS). NADP+ is reduced to NADPH.
(nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate)

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16
Q

What is ADP/ATP?

A

ADP takes the energy from the electron transport chain and becomes ATP, which is a form of energy usable by the cells.

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17
Q

What is fermentation?

A

The breakdown of sugars to create a small amount of ATP and NADH. It occurs when oxygen is low and takes place in the cytoplasm. It uses the pyruvate from glycolysis to regenerate the NAD+ needed in glycolysis.

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18
Q

What is the equation for fermentation?

A

C6H12O6 → CO2 + ATP

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19
Q

What happens in cells when there is no oxygen? Can cellular respiration continue?

A

Cellular aerobic respiration cannot continue because that would require oxygen, but fermentation could continue because it does NOT require oxygen.

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20
Q

Explain the fermentation experiment, and how it ties into fermentation (and sequentially cellular respiration).

A

How does the amount of sucrose affect the amount of yeast fermentation?
Hypothesis: more sucrose would lead to more fermentation, observable by more bubbling and having a balloon expand more because of the increased release of CO2.

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21
Q

What is photosynthesis?

A

It’s a process done by photoautotrophs to generate their own food.

22
Q

What is the equation for photosynthesis?

A

CO2 + H20 → sunlight → C6H12O6 + O2

23
Q

What are the two reactions related to photosynthesis?

A

Light Dependent Reactions

Dark (Light Independent Reactions)

24
Q

Where do light dependent reactions occur?

A

The thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast

25
Q

Where do dark (light independent) reactions occur?

A

The stroma of the chloroplast

26
Q

What is sunlight used for in photosynthesis, and in which reaction is it used in?

A

Used in the light dependent reactions. The radiant energy is converted into chemical bond energy of sugar molecules.

27
Q

Why is photosynthesis considered a redox reaction?

A

Photosynthesis involves the reduction of carbon dioxide into sugars and the oxidation of water into molecular oxygen.

28
Q

What’s the general absorption spectrum of plants? In what part of the light spectrum is it located?

A

400-500, 600-700

reds and blues

29
Q

How does the color of the light affect the plant?

A

It affects absorption, which would affect photosynthesis, plant growth…

30
Q

If a plant didn’t receive white light, would it affect them?

A

Nah

31
Q

What is DCPIP?

A

2,6-dichlorophenol indophenol. A dye.

32
Q

What was DCPIP used for in our photosynthesis experiment?

A

We used the dye as an electron acceptor and to indirectly determine the rate of photosynthesis by measuring the rate of reduction in the color.

33
Q

What color is DCPIP in its oxidized form? Reduced form?

A

Oxidized → blue

Reduced → colorless

34
Q

What is meiosis?

A

Type of cell division that breaks one cell down into four haploid daughter cells (gametes) for sexual reproduction.

35
Q

What are the steps of meiosis?

A 
1. Phophase I
• crossing over takes place
2. Metaphase I
• prepare for separation
3. Anaphase I 
• elongation and separation
4. Telophase II
• pinches cell apart
5. Prophase II
6. Metaphase II
7. Anaphase II
• pull apart
8. Telophase II
• cut cell
36
Q

What is an allele?

A

A different form that a gene can come in, differing in terms of nucleotide sequence. Can produce different versions of the phenotypic traits they affect.

37
Q

Genotype

A

The genetic makeup, or set of alleles, in an organism

38
Q

Phenotype

A

The characteristics of an organism as they appear to our senses

39
Q

What is a dominant?

A

Trait that will be expressed no matter the combination of genes

40
Q

What is a recessive?

A

Trait that will only be expressed if in combination with another recessive trait (must inherit two bb, for example)

41
Q

Diploid

A

Having two complete sets of chromosomes

42
Q

Haploid

A

Having one complete set of chromosomes

43
Q

Chromosome

A

Cellular structure consisting of one DNA molecule and associated protein molecules

44
Q

Sister Chromatid

A

2 copies of a duplicated chromosome attached to each other by proteins at the centromere. 2 sister chromatids make up one chromosome.

45
Q

Homologous Chromosomes

A

Chromosomes sharing the same array of genes, meaning they have the same linear arrangement of genes along their length

46
Q

What are linked genes?

A

Two genes located on the same chromosome

if one chromosome has the genes for hair color and for eye color, then those genes would be considered linked

47
Q

How are unliked genes different from linked genes?

A

Linked genes are inherited together. while unlinked genes are not.

48
Q

What is the difference between loosely linked and tightly linked genes? How can you tell which one it is?

A

Loosely linked : the farther apart the loci are, the more opportunity there is for a break and a swapping of alleles to occur
Tightly linked : the closer two loci are, the less likely a chromosomal break and exchange (crossing over) will occur between them

49
Q

What is crossing over?

A

The exchange of genes between homologous chromosomes, resulting in a mixture of parental characteristics in offspring

50
Q

How does the offspring sample size affect the observed ratios with expected phenotype?

A

Ratios would be much closer to the expected amount.

BIOL 1009 (7 decks)

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