Major Lab Quiz #2 Flashcards
What is the difference between heterotrophs and autotrophs?
Heterotrophs are consumers- they have to get their nourishment from the environment- while autotrophs are producers- they can generate their own food.
What are the four primary sets of reactions involved with cellular aerobic respiration in eukaryotic cells?
- Glycolysis
- Pyruvate Oxidation
- The Citric Acid (Krebs) Cycle
- Oxidative Phosphorylation
Where does glycolysis take place?
Cytoplasm
Where does pyruvate oxidation take place?
Mitochondrial matrix
Where does the Krebs Cycle take place?
Mitochondrial matrix
Where does oxidative phosphorylation take place?
Inner membrane (cristae) of the mitochondria
What two processes does oxidative phosphorylation include?
- Electron Transport
2. ATP Synthesis
Which reaction in cellular aerobic respiration yields the most ATP?
Oxidative phosphorylation, which yields 30-36 ATP
What is an electron donor?
Molecule that donates an electron. In the electron transport chain, this molecule will give an electron to the succeeding molecule, and so on and so forth.
What is the terminal electron acceptor?
The final molecule to accept an electron from the preceding electron donor. In the electron transport chain, the terminal electron acceptor would be oxygen.
What is the purpose of cellular respiration?
To transfer energy from organic molecules to ATP, which is energy in a form usable by the body.
What organism did we use to study fermentation?
Yeast
Why did we use yeast to study fermentation?
We used yeast because it’s a facultative anaerobe, meaning it can use cellular respiration in the presence of oxygen or ferment when oxygen isn’t present.
What is NAD+/NADH?
Electron carrier used to temporarily store energy during cellular respiration. NAD+ is reduced to NADH.
(nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide)
What is NADP+/NADPH?
Electron carrier that transfers high-energy electrons from chlorophyll to other molecules (PHOTOSYNTHESIS). NADP+ is reduced to NADPH.
(nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate)
What is ADP/ATP?
ADP takes the energy from the electron transport chain and becomes ATP, which is a form of energy usable by the cells.
What is fermentation?
The breakdown of sugars to create a small amount of ATP and NADH. It occurs when oxygen is low and takes place in the cytoplasm. It uses the pyruvate from glycolysis to regenerate the NAD+ needed in glycolysis.
What is the equation for fermentation?
C6H12O6 → CO2 + ATP
What happens in cells when there is no oxygen? Can cellular respiration continue?
Cellular aerobic respiration cannot continue because that would require oxygen, but fermentation could continue because it does NOT require oxygen.
Explain the fermentation experiment, and how it ties into fermentation (and sequentially cellular respiration).
How does the amount of sucrose affect the amount of yeast fermentation?
Hypothesis: more sucrose would lead to more fermentation, observable by more bubbling and having a balloon expand more because of the increased release of CO2.
What is photosynthesis?
It’s a process done by photoautotrophs to generate their own food.
What is the equation for photosynthesis?
CO2 + H20 → sunlight → C6H12O6 + O2
What are the two reactions related to photosynthesis?
Light Dependent Reactions
Dark (Light Independent Reactions)
Where do light dependent reactions occur?
The thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast
Where do dark (light independent) reactions occur?
The stroma of the chloroplast
What is sunlight used for in photosynthesis, and in which reaction is it used in?
Used in the light dependent reactions. The radiant energy is converted into chemical bond energy of sugar molecules.
Why is photosynthesis considered a redox reaction?
Photosynthesis involves the reduction of carbon dioxide into sugars and the oxidation of water into molecular oxygen.
What’s the general absorption spectrum of plants? In what part of the light spectrum is it located?
400-500, 600-700
reds and blues
How does the color of the light affect the plant?
It affects absorption, which would affect photosynthesis, plant growth…
If a plant didn’t receive white light, would it affect them?
Nah
What is DCPIP?
2,6-dichlorophenol indophenol. A dye.
What was DCPIP used for in our photosynthesis experiment?
We used the dye as an electron acceptor and to indirectly determine the rate of photosynthesis by measuring the rate of reduction in the color.
What color is DCPIP in its oxidized form? Reduced form?
Oxidized → blue
Reduced → colorless
What is meiosis?
Type of cell division that breaks one cell down into four haploid daughter cells (gametes) for sexual reproduction.
What are the steps of meiosis?
1. Phophase I • crossing over takes place 2. Metaphase I • prepare for separation 3. Anaphase I • elongation and separation 4. Telophase II • pinches cell apart 5. Prophase II 6. Metaphase II 7. Anaphase II • pull apart 8. Telophase II • cut cell
What is an allele?
A different form that a gene can come in, differing in terms of nucleotide sequence. Can produce different versions of the phenotypic traits they affect.
Genotype
The genetic makeup, or set of alleles, in an organism
Phenotype
The characteristics of an organism as they appear to our senses
What is a dominant?
Trait that will be expressed no matter the combination of genes
What is a recessive?
Trait that will only be expressed if in combination with another recessive trait (must inherit two bb, for example)
Diploid
Having two complete sets of chromosomes
Haploid
Having one complete set of chromosomes
Chromosome
Cellular structure consisting of one DNA molecule and associated protein molecules
Sister Chromatid
2 copies of a duplicated chromosome attached to each other by proteins at the centromere. 2 sister chromatids make up one chromosome.
Homologous Chromosomes
Chromosomes sharing the same array of genes, meaning they have the same linear arrangement of genes along their length
What are linked genes?
Two genes located on the same chromosome
if one chromosome has the genes for hair color and for eye color, then those genes would be considered linked
How are unliked genes different from linked genes?
Linked genes are inherited together. while unlinked genes are not.
What is the difference between loosely linked and tightly linked genes? How can you tell which one it is?
Loosely linked : the farther apart the loci are, the more opportunity there is for a break and a swapping of alleles to occur
Tightly linked : the closer two loci are, the less likely a chromosomal break and exchange (crossing over) will occur between them
What is crossing over?
The exchange of genes between homologous chromosomes, resulting in a mixture of parental characteristics in offspring
How does the offspring sample size affect the observed ratios with expected phenotype?
Ratios would be much closer to the expected amount.
