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HISTORY FINAL > terms and themes unit 8 > Flashcards

terms and themes unit 8 Flashcards

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1
Q

Formation of Modern Europe

A

15th and 16th century Europe

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2
Q

renaissance

A

15th and 16th century Europe in a time of flourishing of arts and learning

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3
Q

scientific revolution

A

15th and 16th century advances in Europe of science, medicine and technology

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4
Q

protestant revolution

A

a change in the way ppl thought about religion and the way Europe was organized around religion and the catholic church

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5
Q

disciples

A

students/ followers

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6
Q

messiah

A

savior

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7
Q

Saint Paul

A

He preached that the teachings

of Jesus were open not only to Jews but to everyone.

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8
Q

universal religion

A

open to everyone

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9
Q

Gentiles

A

non jews

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10
Q

dioceses

A

the districts the roman empire was split into and eventually the church was too

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11
Q

pope

A

head of catholic church

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12
Q

schism

A

a split/ the christian experienced one in the 5th century when the western roman empire fell

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13
Q

Eastern Orthodox Church

A

church in Constantinople

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14
Q

Roman Catholic Church

A

church in rome

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15
Q

Christendom

A

the people (christians) living in rome

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16
Q

tithes

A

like taxes

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17
Q

cannon law

A

the churches law code

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18
Q

hierarchy

A

social structure

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19
Q

clergy

A

church’s hierarchy

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20
Q

church’s hierarchy

A

cardinals, archbishops, bishops and the local parish priests

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21
Q

monasteries

A

where different orders of monks and nuns lived apart from the rest of society

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22
Q

faith

A

believing in something

luther believed a person could achieve salvation on the basis of his faith alone

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23
Q

salvation

A

having one’s soul saved in heaven forever

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24
Q

sacraments

A

rituals that were administered by a priest
–luther believed that a Christian could get into heaven without participating in the sacraments that the Catholic Church required, and that the priests who administered these sacraments were not necessary

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25
Q

Baptism

A

ritual washing away of sins by a priest

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26
Q

Confession

A

ritually asking a priest for forgiveness for sins

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27
Q

communion

A

receiving ritual bread and wine from a priest

28
Q

doctrine

A

teaching

29
Q

Theology

A

religious ideas

30
Q

Indulgences

A

type of a pardon that allowed the person who purchased it to buy forgiveness for his sins and guarantee himself a place in heaven.

31
Q

Basilica

A

cathedral

32
Q

Lutheranism

A

a new form of christianity created by martin luther, sparked by his ninety five theses

33
Q

Protestant

A

luther’s critics sparked new ideas about the church which consolidated as new sects of christianity

34
Q

Denominations

A

sects

35
Q

Piety

A

devotion

36
Q

Council of Trent

A

series of meetings between important Catholic Church officials organized to reform the ideas and practices of the church and tried to end the corruption

37
Q

Theology

A

religious ideas

38
Q

seminaries

A

schools to train priests for their roles as spiritual guides

39
Q

Jesuits

A

an organization whose mission was to actively spread Catholic teachings through missionary work and education.
people in it were highly educated and have up-right moral behavior and dedication to the church

40
Q

Missionaries

A

who traveled the world to convert people to Catholicism.

41
Q

convert

A

change people to a different religion

42
Q

European State System

A

the treaty that ended the war, called the Peace of Westphalia (1648), established what came to be known as the European State system

43
Q

Sovereign

A

they had exclusive authority over the people

44
Q

Church of England, Anglican Church

A

king henrys new church, looked like the catholic church –same hierarchy of the church and same rituals and sacraments –later on introduced some protestant doctrines but had disputes with the ones from the catholic church

45
Q

Johannes Gutenberg, Gutenberg Bible

A

first thing printed in the printing press in1455

46
Q

Causes of the Reformation:

A
  1. Corruption in the Catholic Church:
    · Indulgences, focus on wealth, art, and monumental cathedrals
  2. New Ideas about theology
    · Challenges to Church doctrine or theology (religious teachings)
    · Challenges to Church authority over individuals: Faith Alone vs. Faith and Sacraments; people reading the bible for themselves
  3. Influence of the Renaissance:
    · Education, humanism, printing press, new ideas from trade and exploration
  4. Political Challenges to Church authority and power over rulers:
    · German Princes, Henry VIII
47
Q

outcomes of the reformation

A

1 Counter-Reformation:
· Council of Trent, Reforms in the Catholic Church, attempts to end corruption
· Jesuits (Society of Jesus), missionaries, seminaries
2. Protestantism:
· Ended Church monopoly on religious authority, gives people choice
· Many new sects or denominations
3. Religious Wars:
· Holy Roman Empire, Thirty Years’ War (17th C.), Spanish Armada (1588)
4. European State System:
· Peace of Westphalia (1648)
· Establish state sovereignty, beginning of European nations
5. Immigration to the Americas:
· British colonization of North America after defeat of Spanish Armada
· Flight from religious wars and religious persecution; people seek religious freedom

48
Q

columbian exchange

A

the transfer of plants, animals, ideas and technology between the old world and the new world

49
Q

Commercial Revolution

A

a period of European economic expansion and colonialism which lasted from the 16th century until the early 18th century. It was followed by the Industrial Revolution in the mid-18th century

50
Q

Printing press date

A

1455

51
Q

Ninety-five Theses date

A

1517

52
Q

Act of Supremacy date

A

1534

53
Q

Spanish Armada date

A

1588

54
Q

Peace of Westphalia date

A

1648

55
Q

ninety five theses

A

a document denouncing indulgences and offering to debate anyone who disagreed with him.
sparked widespread protests against the Church and became the basis for a new form of Christian worship called Lutheranism.

56
Q

Vernacular

A

locally spoken
luther argued that the Bible was the ultimate source of authority in Christianity and demanded that it be translated from Latin into the vernacular languages so that people could understand it and worship based on its teachings directly.

57
Q

printing press

A

enabled Luther’s ideas to be widely broadcast throughout Europe, especially in the German principalities in vernacular language

58
Q

counter reformation

A

The changes that the Catholic Church made in response to the reformation which changed the way the church operated and The Church put more emphasis on individual spirituality and less on luxury

59
Q

Holy Roman Empire, Emperor

A

the sovereign ruler of the Holy Roman Empire(most famous king charles – which was a multi-ethnic complex of territories in central Europe that developed during the Early Middle Ages and continued until its dissolution in 1806

60
Q

thirty years’ war

A

Conflict between the Protestant states and the Catholic Church’s defenders (led by Spain), as well as conflicts between various German states with different religious ties, mushroomed into the bloody series of battles

many common people joined the struggle in order to defend their religion.
new technology of firearms that was becoming available made it possible for princes to raise larger armies and for those armies to do more damage.
led to the deaths of about one-third of the German population

ended with the peace of Westphalia

61
Q

the Peace of Westphalia

A

treaty that ended the thirtys’ warstablished what came to be known as the European State system. Under the treaty, all states that participated in the peace were recognized as sovereign etermine the religious affiliation of his own state, and neither the pope nor the Holy Roman Emperor could claim legitimacy or power over a sovereign king

62
Q

King Henry VIII

A

broke away from the catholic church for political reasons

formed his own sect of protestantism known as anglican which very much resembled the catholic church

63
Q

The Act of Supremacy

A

established that the king of England was also the supreme head of the Church of England, and that there was no one above him.

64
Q

Thomas More

A

refused to abandon Catholicism or recognize Henry as the head of the Church of England, and for that he was convicted of treason and beheaded in 1535.

65
Q

Spanish Armada

A

the naval fleet sent by King Philip II to invade England and force protestant Queen Elizabeth off the British throne.
was a failure, and England remained Protestant. England’s defeat of the Spanish Armada in the North Atlantic had another long-term consequence: it opened the way for British colonies in North America.

HISTORY FINAL (5 decks)

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