terms and themes unit 8 Flashcards
Formation of Modern Europe
15th and 16th century Europe
renaissance
15th and 16th century Europe in a time of flourishing of arts and learning
scientific revolution
15th and 16th century advances in Europe of science, medicine and technology
protestant revolution
a change in the way ppl thought about religion and the way Europe was organized around religion and the catholic church
disciples
students/ followers
messiah
savior
Saint Paul
He preached that the teachings
of Jesus were open not only to Jews but to everyone.
universal religion
open to everyone
Gentiles
non jews
dioceses
the districts the roman empire was split into and eventually the church was too
pope
head of catholic church
schism
a split/ the christian experienced one in the 5th century when the western roman empire fell
Eastern Orthodox Church
church in Constantinople
Roman Catholic Church
church in rome
Christendom
the people (christians) living in rome
tithes
like taxes
cannon law
the churches law code
hierarchy
social structure
clergy
church’s hierarchy
church’s hierarchy
cardinals, archbishops, bishops and the local parish priests
monasteries
where different orders of monks and nuns lived apart from the rest of society
faith
believing in something
luther believed a person could achieve salvation on the basis of his faith alone
salvation
having one’s soul saved in heaven forever
sacraments
rituals that were administered by a priest
–luther believed that a Christian could get into heaven without participating in the sacraments that the Catholic Church required, and that the priests who administered these sacraments were not necessary
Baptism
ritual washing away of sins by a priest
Confession
ritually asking a priest for forgiveness for sins
communion
receiving ritual bread and wine from a priest
doctrine
teaching
Theology
religious ideas
Indulgences
type of a pardon that allowed the person who purchased it to buy forgiveness for his sins and guarantee himself a place in heaven.
Basilica
cathedral
Lutheranism
a new form of christianity created by martin luther, sparked by his ninety five theses
Protestant
luther’s critics sparked new ideas about the church which consolidated as new sects of christianity
Denominations
sects
Piety
devotion
Council of Trent
series of meetings between important Catholic Church officials organized to reform the ideas and practices of the church and tried to end the corruption
Theology
religious ideas
seminaries
schools to train priests for their roles as spiritual guides
Jesuits
an organization whose mission was to actively spread Catholic teachings through missionary work and education.
people in it were highly educated and have up-right moral behavior and dedication to the church
Missionaries
who traveled the world to convert people to Catholicism.
convert
change people to a different religion
European State System
the treaty that ended the war, called the Peace of Westphalia (1648), established what came to be known as the European State system
Sovereign
they had exclusive authority over the people
Church of England, Anglican Church
king henrys new church, looked like the catholic church –same hierarchy of the church and same rituals and sacraments –later on introduced some protestant doctrines but had disputes with the ones from the catholic church
Johannes Gutenberg, Gutenberg Bible
first thing printed in the printing press in1455
Causes of the Reformation:
- Corruption in the Catholic Church:
· Indulgences, focus on wealth, art, and monumental cathedrals - New Ideas about theology
· Challenges to Church doctrine or theology (religious teachings)
· Challenges to Church authority over individuals: Faith Alone vs. Faith and Sacraments; people reading the bible for themselves - Influence of the Renaissance:
· Education, humanism, printing press, new ideas from trade and exploration - Political Challenges to Church authority and power over rulers:
· German Princes, Henry VIII
outcomes of the reformation
1 Counter-Reformation:
· Council of Trent, Reforms in the Catholic Church, attempts to end corruption
· Jesuits (Society of Jesus), missionaries, seminaries
2. Protestantism:
· Ended Church monopoly on religious authority, gives people choice
· Many new sects or denominations
3. Religious Wars:
· Holy Roman Empire, Thirty Years’ War (17th C.), Spanish Armada (1588)
4. European State System:
· Peace of Westphalia (1648)
· Establish state sovereignty, beginning of European nations
5. Immigration to the Americas:
· British colonization of North America after defeat of Spanish Armada
· Flight from religious wars and religious persecution; people seek religious freedom
columbian exchange
the transfer of plants, animals, ideas and technology between the old world and the new world
Commercial Revolution
a period of European economic expansion and colonialism which lasted from the 16th century until the early 18th century. It was followed by the Industrial Revolution in the mid-18th century
Printing press date
1455
Ninety-five Theses date
1517
Act of Supremacy date
1534
Spanish Armada date
1588
Peace of Westphalia date
1648
ninety five theses
a document denouncing indulgences and offering to debate anyone who disagreed with him.
sparked widespread protests against the Church and became the basis for a new form of Christian worship called Lutheranism.
Vernacular
locally spoken
luther argued that the Bible was the ultimate source of authority in Christianity and demanded that it be translated from Latin into the vernacular languages so that people could understand it and worship based on its teachings directly.
printing press
enabled Luther’s ideas to be widely broadcast throughout Europe, especially in the German principalities in vernacular language
counter reformation
The changes that the Catholic Church made in response to the reformation which changed the way the church operated and The Church put more emphasis on individual spirituality and less on luxury
Holy Roman Empire, Emperor
the sovereign ruler of the Holy Roman Empire(most famous king charles – which was a multi-ethnic complex of territories in central Europe that developed during the Early Middle Ages and continued until its dissolution in 1806
thirty years’ war
Conflict between the Protestant states and the Catholic Church’s defenders (led by Spain), as well as conflicts between various German states with different religious ties, mushroomed into the bloody series of battles
many common people joined the struggle in order to defend their religion.
new technology of firearms that was becoming available made it possible for princes to raise larger armies and for those armies to do more damage.
led to the deaths of about one-third of the German population
ended with the peace of Westphalia
the Peace of Westphalia
treaty that ended the thirtys’ warstablished what came to be known as the European State system. Under the treaty, all states that participated in the peace were recognized as sovereign etermine the religious affiliation of his own state, and neither the pope nor the Holy Roman Emperor could claim legitimacy or power over a sovereign king
King Henry VIII
broke away from the catholic church for political reasons
formed his own sect of protestantism known as anglican which very much resembled the catholic church
The Act of Supremacy
established that the king of England was also the supreme head of the Church of England, and that there was no one above him.
Thomas More
refused to abandon Catholicism or recognize Henry as the head of the Church of England, and for that he was convicted of treason and beheaded in 1535.
Spanish Armada
the naval fleet sent by King Philip II to invade England and force protestant Queen Elizabeth off the British throne.
was a failure, and England remained Protestant. England’s defeat of the Spanish Armada in the North Atlantic had another long-term consequence: it opened the way for British colonies in North America.
