Terms Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three classes of protozoa?

A

Trypanosomatids, Apicomplexa, and other

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2
Q

How were protozoans discovered and what does the word mean?

A

protozoa= first animal. discovered with the invention of the microscope in 1675

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3
Q

What are the different groups of protozoans?

A

Amoebae, Flagellates, Ciliates, Sporozoa, Microsporidia

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4
Q

How big are protozoans?

A

10-50 microns (um)

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5
Q

Where do protozoans digest their food?

A

in vacuoles

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6
Q

Do protozoans have a cell wall?

A

no

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7
Q

Why are these protists considered to be animal-like?

A

they move like animals and have complex metabolic activity that is similar to animal cells. They resemble animal cells more than single cell

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8
Q

Define niche selection

A

selected to live in a specific essential niche defined by anatomical, physiological, and biochemical features of the site

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9
Q

What factors affect pathogenesis?

A

niche, metabolic requirements of the parasite, and population density

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10
Q

By which processes does food get into and out of the protozoa?

A

active transport, phagocytosis, pinocyotisis (IN)

diffusion or exocytosis (OUT)

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11
Q

By which means do ameoboids move?

A

pseudopodia (actin filaments rearranging along the cell membrane)

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12
Q

What is the movement difference between cilia and flagella?

A

cilia move back and forth in a flailing motion, flagella move in a rotational manner

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13
Q

By what methods do protozoa reproduce asexually?

A

binary fission, multiple fission (aka schizogony), and budding

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14
Q

By what methods do protozoa reproduce sexually?

A

conjugation and gamete fusion

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15
Q

When do we most often see sexual reproduction in protozoa?

A

in protozoa with an insect vector stage

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16
Q

Define trophozoite

A

any stage in a protozoan’s life cycle that can digest food (the motile form usually)

17
Q

Define cyst

A

non-motile form, protected by a membrane (infective stage)

18
Q

Define excystation

A

process of emergence of the trophozoite from the cyst

19
Q

Name some organisms in the apicomplexa?

A

toxoplasma (toxoplasmosis), plasmodium (malaria), cryptosporidium parvum (cryptosporidiosis)

20
Q

What are some defining characteristics of Apicomplexans?

A
  • all species are parasitic
  • usually without cilia or flagella
  • single type of nucleus
  • have an apical complex involved in host cell penetration (gives the class its name)
  • most have an apicoplast
21
Q

What is the function of rhoptries, micronemes and dense granules in the apical complex?

A

they discharge substances into the host cell during the invasion process. They play a role in destabilizing the host cell membrane and forming an invasion pit

22
Q

Why are apicoplasts considered plastids?

A

because drugs against chloroplasts and prokaryotes also kill apicomplexans

23
Q

Describe the theory as to how apicomplexans have 4 cell membranes

A

eukaryotic heterotroph eats cyanobacterium (contains chloroplast), which was then engulfed by the apicomplexan ancestor

24
Q

What is the function of an apicoplast?

A

possibly involved in lipid metabolism, is necessary for invading cells

25
Define sporogony
multiple fission of a zygote
26
Define sporozoite
daughter cell resulting from sporogony
27
Define oocyst
cystic form resulting from sporogony
28
Define schizogony
fission of sporozoites where multiple mitoses take place followed by simultaneous cytokineses, resulting in many daughter cells at once
29
Define gametogony
production of gametes
30
Define zygote
fusion of gametes