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Parasitology > Intro > Flashcards

Intro Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most dangerous animal on earth?

A

mosquito

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2
Q

What percentage of animal species are parasitic at some stage in their life?

A

50%

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3
Q

Which phylogenetic animal groups contain parasites?

A

All the major groups

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4
Q

What are some common parasites in North America?

A

pinworms, giardia, dog roundworms, toxoplasma, ticks

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5
Q

Where does the word ‘parasite’ come from?

A

Greek, meaning ‘one who eats at the table others’

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6
Q

Are parasites prokaryoyes, eukaryotes, or both?

A

eukaryotes. therefore not bacteria or viruses

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7
Q

Define protozoa

A

unicellular organisms

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8
Q

Define metazoa

A

multicellular organisms

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9
Q

Give some examples of ectoparasites

A

head lice, ticks, fleas

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10
Q

Give some examples of endoparasites

A

hookworm, tapeworm, tapeworm eggs, roundworm, pinworm, leishmania, plasmodium, trypanosome, giardia

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11
Q

Define hemiparasite

A

a parasitic plant that derives some or all of its sustenance from another plant

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12
Q

Give an example of a hemiparasite

A

mistletoe attaches to another plant and absorbs its nutrients. spread by birds eating the fruit and pooping the seeds out

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13
Q

Define host

A

the organism in or on which the parasite lives

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14
Q

Define definitive host

A

the organism in which the parasite reaches sexual maturity

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15
Q

Give an example of definitive host

A

the mosquito for malaria, the cat for toxoplasma

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16
Q

Define intermediate host

A

the organism in which the parasite completes part of its life cycle. parasites usually undergo a morphological or physiological change in this host

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17
Q

Give an example of intermediate host

A

humans for malaria, mice for toxoplasma

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18
Q

Define reservoir host

A

alternate animal host from which the parasite can be transmitted to humans (zoonosis) or domestic animals

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19
Q

Give an example of a reservoir host

A

the rat for toxoplasma

20
Q

Define zoonosis

A

a parasitic disease in which an animal is normally the host, but which also infects humans

21
Q

Define accidental host

A

one that accidentally harbors an organism that is not usually parasitic in the particular species and cannot be transmitted. parasite usually finds an immunologically privileged site (ie. brain, eyes, testes, etc)

22
Q

Give an example of an accidental host

A

humans and the pork tapeworm Taenia solium. causes human cysticercosis

23
Q

Define vector

A

a host that plays an active role in the transmission of the parasite. can be a definitive or an intermediate host

24
Q

Give an example of a vector

A

female Anopheles mosquito that transmits malaria

25
Q

What are some characteristics of parasites?

A

usually smaller and more numerous than their host, may be some degree of genetic complementation, parasite is physiologically or metabolically dependent upon its host, reproductive potential of parasites exceeds that of their host

26
Q

Why are many host-parasite interactions species-specific?

A

because of co-evolution

27
Q

What are the steps to parasite infection?

A

1) encounter
2) entry/attachment
3) spread within body
4) multiplication
5) damage
6) outcome- either parasite or host wins, or they coexist

28
Q

What are the main modes of parasite transmission?

A

skin, respiratory, gastrointestinal, urogenital

vector borne, blood transfusion, organ transplant

29
Q

What are the two types of vector borne transmission?

A

external and internal transmission

30
Q

Define harborage transmission

A

internal vector borne transmission where the pathogen does not undergo changes within vector (mechanical vector)

31
Q

Define biologic transmission

A

internal vector borne transmission where the pathogen undergoes changes within the vector (biological vector)

32
Q

Define infectivity

A

ability of the organism to establish a discrete, focal point of infection

33
Q

Define invasiveness

A

ability of organism to spread to adjacent or other tissues

34
Q

Define infection

A

a parasite growing and multiplying within or on a host, usually accompanied by an immune response

35
Q

Define pathogenicity

A

ability of parasite to cause disease

36
Q

Define virulence

A

degree of pathogenicity, the ability for the organism to invade, infect, grow and cause damage despite the host’s defences. determine in part by pathogen’s ability to survive outside the host

37
Q

Define symbiosis

A

living together

38
Q

What are the four types of symbiosis?

A

phoresis,commensalism, mutualism, and parasitism

39
Q

Define phoresis

A

‘to carry’. when one organism is mechanically carried on or in another species (host)

40
Q

Give an example of phoresis

A

beetle with hitch-hiking mites, hermit crab carrying sea anemones, crab carrying a fire urchin

41
Q

Define commensalism

A

involves one way benefit, but no harm is exerted in either direction. usually involve a feeding relationship but not metabolic independence

42
Q

Give an example of commensalism

A

pilot fish attaches to shark and eats the debris from the shark’s prey.
egrets sit on livestock and eat insects surrounding them
sea anemone protects clown fish, which has an extra mucous layer for protection from nematocyst discharge

43
Q

Define mutualism

A

highly inter-dependent association, often to the extent where the two cannot survive without one another

44
Q

Give an example of mutualism

A

flagellate protozoa live in termites and digest the wood for them.
Yucca plant is only pollinated by yucca moths, and yucca moth larvae can only eat the seeds of yucca plants

45
Q

Define parasitism

A

intimate relationship between two organisms in which one lives on, off, or at the expense of the other (host)

46
Q

Give an example of parasitism

A

canine heartworm, malaria

Parasitology (25 decks)

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