Terms 3

Question 1

That portion of an organisms interactions with its environment that is characterized by detectable displacement in space through time of some part of the organism and that results in a measurable change in at least one aspect of the environment.

Answer 1

Behavior

Question 2

A previously neutral stimulus changes that functions as a punisher because of prior pairing with one or more other punishers; sometimes called secondary or learned punisher

Answer 2

Conditioned Punishment

Question 3

A stimulus chance that functions as a reinforcer because of prior pairing with one or more other reinforcers; sometimes called secondary or learned reinforcer.

Answer 3

Conditioned Reinforcemen

Answer 4

Conditioned Response

Conditioned Response

Question 5

Conditioned Stimulus

Answer 5

The stimulus component of conditioned reflex; formally neutral stimulus change that elicits respondent behavior only after it has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus (US) or another CS

Question 6

Contingency-Shaped Behavior

Answer 6

Behavior that has been learned by experiencing the consequences directly

Question 7

Discrimination

Answer 7

This is a behavioral control based upon ANTECEDENTS. That is, an individual can determine differences between conditions. The person engages in a specific behavior under one condition, but not another. For example, an individual crosses the street when the signal flashes “walk,” but not when “don’t walk,” is flashing.

Question 8

Discriminative Stimulus

Answer 8

A stimulus in the presence of which a response of some type have been reinforced and in the absence of which the same type of response have occured and not been reinforced; this history of differential reinforcement is the reaseon an SD increases the momenrary frequency of the behavior.

Question 9

Echoic

Answer 9

An elementary verbal operant involving a response that is evoked by a verbal discriminative stimulus that has point to point correspondence and formal similarity with the response.

Question 10

Establishing Operations

Answer 10

A motivating operation that establishes (Increases) the effectiveness of some stimulus, object, or event as a reinforcer. For example, food deprivation establishes food as an effective reinforcer.

Question 11

Extinction

Answer 11

The discontinuing of a reinforcement of a previously reinforced behavior (i.e., responses no longer produce reinforcement); the primary effect is a decrease in the frequency of the behavior until it reaches a prereinfored level or ultimately ceases to occur.

Question 12

Functional Relations

Answer 12

A lawful relation between values of tow variables. In behavior analysis, a dependent variable (treated behavior) and a given independent variable (intervention or treatment procedure) are functionally related. `

Question 13

Generalization

Answer 13

Speaking broadly , generalization refers to variation in either responses or settings. Response generalization refers to the student changing the form of a given behavior that serves the same function (e.g., saying “hi” as a greeting instead of “Hello”). Stimulus generalization refers to the student engaging in a given behavior under conditions different from those used during teaching (e.g., saying “dog” in the presence of a new dog in the neighborhood).

Question 14

Imitation

Answer 14

A behavior controlled by any physical movement that serve as a novel model excluding vocal-verbal behavior, has formal similarity with the model, and immediately follows the occurrence of the model (e.g., within second os the model presentation). An imitative behavior is a new behavior emitted following a novel antecedent event.

Question 15

Intraverbal

Answer 15

An elementary verbal operant that is evoked by a verbal discriminative stimulus and that does not have point to point correspondence with the verbal stimulus.

From Skinners verbal behavior, a response that is controlled by the verbal response of others.

Question 16

Mand

Answer 16

An elementary verbal operant that is evoked by an MO and followed by specific reinforcement

It means request. One mands, for example, when one request reinforcers. This takes several forms. The final goal in programming is generally the “pure” mand, which is a request that comes without any prompting from other individuals

Question 17

Negative Punishment

Answer 17

A repose behavior is followed immediately by the removal of a stimulus (or a decrease in the intensity of the stimulus), that decreases the future frequency of similar responses under similar conditions; sometimes called Type II punishment. It is important to remember that it has to be contingent withdrawal leads to a decrease in the future probability

Question 18

Negative Reinforcement

Answer 18

A stimulus whose termination (or reduction in intensity) functions as reinforcement.

A contingency such that the removal of a stimulus is contingent upon the EMITTING of a particular behavior

AVOIDANCE behavior for example is often inadvertently maintained by -ve reinforcement.

Question 19

Operant Conditioning Paradigm

Answer 19

The basic process by which operant learning occurs; consequences (stimulus changes immediately following responses) result in an increased (reinforcement) or decreased (punishment) frequency of the same type of behavior under similar motivational and environmental conditions in the future.

A type of learning that emphasizes the consequences of specific behavior as controlling variables for future occurrences of that behavior.

Question 20

Positive Punishment

Answer 20

A behavior followed immediately by the presentation of a stimulus that decreases the future frequency of the behavior, sometimes called as Type I punishment.

It is important to remember that it is the contingent presentation that leads to a decrease in the future probability of the target behavior.

Question 21

Positive Reinforcement

Answer 21

Occurs when a behavior is followed immediately by the presentation of a stimulus that increases the future frequency of the behavior in similar conditions.

It is important to remember that the contingent presentation of a stimulus leads to an increase in the future probability of the behavior.

Question 22

Respondent Conditioning Paradigm

Answer 22

A stimulus - stimulus paring procedure in which a neutral stimulus (NS) is presented with an unconditioned stimulus (US) until the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus that elicits the conditioned response.

A.K.A Classical or Pavlovian Conditioning

Question 23

Response

Answer 23

A single instance or occurrence of a specific class of behavior

Question 24

Response Class

Answer 24

A group of responses of varying topography, all of whcih produced the same effect on the enviornment. A group of responses that serve the same FUNCTION, even if different in TOPOGRAPHY.

EXAMPLE

you can turn off the lign by using your finger, plam, leg etc.

Question 25

Rule-Governed Behavior

Answer 25

Behavior controlled by a rule (i.e., a verbal statement of an antecedent-behavior consequence contingency); enables human behavior (e.g., fastening a seat belt) to come under the indirect control of temporally remote or improbable by potentially significant consequence.

In Contingency shaped behavior the individual has actually experienced the consequence.

Question 26

Stimulus

Answer 26

An energy change that affects an organism through its receptor cells.

Question 27

Stimulus Class

Answer 27

A groups of stimuli that share specified common elements along formal (e.g., size, color), temporal 9e.g., antecedent or consequent), and /or functional (e.g., discriminative stimulus) dimensions.

Question 28

Stimulus Control

Answer 28

A situation in which the frequency, latency, duration, or amplitude of a behavior is altered by the presence or absence of an antecedent stimuli.

Question 29

Tact

Answer 29

An elementary verbal operant evoked by a nonverbal discriminative stimulus and followed by generalization conditioned reinforcement.

It also means “To Label”

Question 30

Unconditioned Punishment

Answer 30

A stimulus change that decreases the frequency of any behavior that immediatly precedes it irrespective of the orgranism’s learning history iwth the stimulus.

Question 31

Unconditioned Reinforcement

Answer 31

A stimulus change that increases the frequency of any behavior that immediately precedes it irrespective of the organism’s learning history with the stimulus. Unconditioned reinforcers are the product of the evolutionary development of the species. Also called PRIMARY OR UNLEARNT reinforcers.

Question 32

Unconditioned Response

Answer 32

Generally used in terms of CLASSICAL CONDITIONING, this is a response to UNCONDITIONED stimulus. Generally speaking, learning is not required for this response to occur, it is a reflex in response to the presentation of the UNCONDITIONED STIMULUS

For Example, a loud sound behind you is likely to elicit the UNCONDITIONED RESPONSE of being startled, Originally, this was called an “unconditional” response, meaning not dependent on any other factors.

Question 33

Unconditioned Stimulus

Answer 33

The stimulus component of an unconditioned reflex; a stimulus change that elicits respondent behavior without any prior learning.

Generally used in terms of CLASSICAL CONDITIONING, this is a stimulus that leads to a response without any teaching or training, Originally, this was called an “unconditional’ stimulus , meaning not dependent on any other factor. Sometimes used in context of a reflex.

Answer 35

Behavioral Contingencies