Terms

Question 1

Physiology

Answer 1

science of the function of living systems

Question 2

Organism

Answer 2

body made up of organs, organelles, or other parts that work together to carry on the various processes of life

Question 3

Endocrinology

Answer 3

branch of biology and medicine dealing with the endocrine system, its diseases, and its specific secretions called hormones, the integration of developmental events such as proliferation, growth and differentiation (including histogenesis and organogenesis) and the coordination of metabolism, respiration, excretion, movement, reproduction, and sensory perception dependent on chemical cues, substances synthesized and secreted by specialized cells

Question 4

Parenchyma

Answer 4

functional tissue of an organ

Question 5

Stroma

Answer 5

the connective tissue or framework of an organ; contains blood vessels, nerves

Question 6

Capsule

Answer 6

surrounds gland

Question 7

Trabeculae (septa)

Answer 7

divide glands into lobes or lobules

Question 8

Endocrine vs. Nervous system

Answer 8

anatomically discontinuous but otherwise similar; both are major communication systems, integrate stimuli and responses to changes in external and internal environment, both are crucial to coordinated functions of highly differentiated cells, tissues, and organs

Question 9

Principal functions of the endocrine system

Answer 9

maintains homeostasis; integration and regulation of growth, metabolism and development; control, maintenance and instigation of sexual reproduction, including gametogenesis, fertilization, fetal growth and development and nourishment of the newborn

Question 10

Endocrine secretion

Answer 10

secreted into blood; binds distant target cells

Question 11

Paracrine secretion

Answer 11

acts locally by diffusing from its source to target cells in the neighborhood

Question 12

Autocrine secretion

Answer 12

acts on same cell that produced it

Question 13

General principles of endocrine glands

Answer 13

ductless; highly vascular; functional secretory cells are usually epithelial

Question 14

Types of endocrine organ arrangements

Answer 14

Discrete glands (thyroid)
Endocrine components of other organs (pancreas, gonads, ovaries, testis)
Scattered cells throughout other organs (C cells in thyroid)

Question 15

Classes of hormones

Answer 15

Steroids, protein/peptide hormones, amino acid analogues and derivatives

Question 16

Steroids

Answer 16

originate from cholesterol precursor
organs- ovaries, testis, adrenal cortex
specific hormones- mineralcorticoids, glucocorticoids, testosterone and estradiol
made- on demand, not stored; steroid producing cells have high levels of SER, Golgi

Question 17

Protein/peptide hormones

Answer 17

organs- anterior pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, pancreas
specific hormones- insulin, prolactin, parathormone
protein-hormone producing cells have high levels of RER

Question 18

Amino acid analogues and derivatives

Answer 18

organs- thyroid and adrenal medulla
specific hormones- thyroxine, norepinephrine, epinephrine (catecholamines)
stored in granules

Question 19

Types of control mechanisms

Answer 19

External stimuli (cold, light, etc); Internal stimuli (blood sugar, hormonal signals); feedback loops

Question 20

Types of Hormone receptors

Answer 20

membrane receptors, cytoplasmic/nuclear receptors

Question 21

Intracellular receptors (cytoplasmic/nuclear)

Answer 21

characteristic of steroid/thyroid hormones
diffuse through plasma membrane
bind to receptor; receptor-hormone complex binds specific DNA sequences
directly alters gene expression
new mRNA and proteins made, new proteins change cell function

Question 22

Membrane receptors

Answer 22

used by hormones that cannot diffuse through plasma membrane (amines, peptides, proteins)
does not directly alter gene expression
G proteins in cell membrane are activated
1st messenger is hormone, 2nd messenger may be cAMP, cGMP, Ca++

Question 23

Lumen

Answer 23

inner open space or cavity of a tubular organ