Energy balance and obesity

Question 1

Name several hormones that are not made in adipose tissue but that have effects on this tissue

Answer 1

estrogen- major regulator of adipose deposition (inversely related) (males and females)
insulin- directly related to adipose deposition (increase insulin, increase adipose deposition)
GH, epinephrine, glucagon and cortisol/corticosterone- inversely related; increased levels promote lipolysis

Question 2

In addition to effects on body weight, what else does leptin do?

Answer 2

linked with diabetes gene; regulates reproductive function, has a role in onset of puberty

Question 3

Can we cure obesity by giving leptin to overweight dogs, cats and humans?

Answer 3

No

Question 4

What effect does spaying have on obesity?

Answer 4

loss of estrogen increases adipose deposition

Question 5

How does leptin work to regulate body weight?

Answer 5

secreted by adipose tissues to regulate appetite/energy expenditure

Question 6

What is ghrelin, where is it made, where are its receptors and what does it do?

Answer 6

228-229
orexigenic protein hormone (makes you want to eat)
produced in mucosal layer of fundic region of stomach
some of it is produced in other parts of the digestive tract
receptors found in hypothalamus
blood levels rise in starvation, decrease after food consumption
not an effective clinical target

Question 7

Define: obesity

Answer 7

Hypertrophy of adipocytes; can lead to a whole range of health issues (insulin resistance, high blood pressure)

Question 8

Define: energy balance

Answer 8

energy in-energy out
if energy in>energy out= gain weight
energy in<energy out= lose weight

Question 9

Define: metabolic syndrome

Answer 9

name for a group of risk factors that raise your risk for heart disease and other health problems

Question 10

Define: appetite

Answer 10

targets for obesity drugs (act on hypothalamus)

appetite is the desire to eat

Question 11

Define: energy expenditure

Answer 11

way of balancing weight (energy in with energy out); severe imbalance of energy in versus energy out leads to obesity

Question 12

Define: adiponectin

Answer 12

inversely correlated with fat mass; increases insulin sensitivity; obesity and type 2 diabetes are associated with decreased adiponectin levels; signaling protein secreted from white and brown adipose tissue