Terms

Question 1

Qualia

Answer 1

Subjective qualities of a conscious experience

Question 2

Intentionality

Answer 2

the aboutness of mental states

Question 3

Intrinsic Intentionality

Answer 3

intentionality that rises from mental states themselves- such as beliefs desires that are about things without external assignment (thirst or hunger)

Question 4

Derived intentionality

Answer 4

depends on context and assignment (stop sign only means stop because we assigned it that)

Question 5

Phenomenal Consciousness

Answer 5

a type of consciousness deformed by the felt experience ( the redness of red) often discussed in relation to qualia

Question 6

Epiphenomenalism

Answer 6

a dualist view that mental states are really and caused by physical states but cannot cause anything from the mental to the physical. They are causally inert by products of brain activity.

Question 7

Nomological Danglers

Answer 7

coined by JJC Smart, to describe phenomena that dont fit into the laws of physics

Question 8

Chinese Room Argument

Answer 8

critique of strong AI that demonstrates that following syntax is not sufficient for understand (semantics) even if behaviourally indistinguishable

Question 9

Parity Principle

Answer 9

if an external process performs the same cognitive function as an internal one it should be treated as part of the cognitive system

Question 10

Multiple Realization

Answer 10

a functionalist idea that the same mental state can be realized in different physical systems (humans, aliens).

Question 11

inverted qualia

Answer 11

two people could perceive colours differently internally while exhibiting identical behaviour (challenges functionalism)

Question 12

absent qualia

Answer 12

proposed by ned block- argues thats its possible for a system to functionally replicate mental processes but have no conscious experience (china example with walkie talkies)

Question 13

cognitive closure

Answer 13

some problems are unsolvable by human minds due to our cognitive limitations

Question 14

extended mind

Answer 14

theory that parts of the environment can be part of ones cognitive system if functionally integrated

Question 15

elimintivsm

Answer 15

the views that common sense mental concepts (quail) are scientifically invalid and should be replaced by neuroscientific explanations

Question 16

mysterianism

Answer 16

the belief that some philosophical questions like consciousness may be beyond human understanding either permanently or in principle

Question 17

type token identity theory

Answer 17

all types of pain (mental states)= same token (brain state)

Question 18

token token identity theory

Answer 18

a specific pain token (mental event) = a specific token ( physical brain state)

Question 19

active externalism

Answer 19

the idea that external elements actively participate in cognitive processing. These are passive aids they are part of cognition themselves

Question 20

epistemic action

Answer 20

an action performed to gain knowledge or improve cognitive efficiency- such as using a calculator or rotating shapes to solve a problem

Question 21

pragmatic action

Answer 21

an action taken to bring about a physical change in the world- moving a chair to sit on it rather than to improve cognitive function

Question 22

ontological subjectivity

Answer 22

a feature of consciousness: it exists in a subjective way by its very nature (pov), such that it can only be experiencing from the first person point of view

Question 23

spiritual dualism

Answer 23

the view that the mind or soul is a distinct, non physical entity often tied to religious or metaphysical traditions (residual in modern views)

Question 24

materialism

Answer 24

the view that everything including mental phenomena is physical or can be explained in terms of physical processes

Question 25

strong ai

Answer 25

appropriately programmed computers can be said to understand or think—explain human cognition

Question 26

weak ai

Answer 26

computers provide powerful tools in helping us model or explain cognitive mistakes

Question 27

emergent properties

Answer 27

An emergent property is a trait that arises from the interaction of simpler parts. For example, wetness emerges when water molecules combine.

Question 28

two horns

Answer 28

either reduction includes the features of qualia or it does not

Question 29

casual reduction

Answer 29

Causal reduction (as discussed by John Searle) is the idea that higher-level phenomena, like mental states, can be fully explained by the lower-level physical processes that cause them. Example: A person’s feeling of pain (a mental state) is causally reduced to the firing of neurons and brain activity (physical processes).