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ENGLISH > Terminology - sentences, phrases, clauses, and word levels > Flashcards

Terminology - sentences, phrases, clauses, and word levels Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a noun?

A

A person, place, thing, or idea

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2
Q

What is a common noun?

A

Names a general person, place or thing:
city, man, vacuum

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3
Q

What is an abstract noun?

A

Names an idea, a feeling, a quality, or a characteristic: friendship, sadness, democracy

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4
Q

What is a proper noun?

A

Names a specific person, place or thing:
John, Wales, Nestle

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5
Q

What is a concrete noun?

A

Names things you can see and touch: pizza, kitten, diamond

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6
Q

What is a collective noun?

A

Names a collection of things as a whole: school of fish, murder of crows

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7
Q

What is an adjective?

A

A word that describes a noun

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8
Q

What is a comparative adjective?

A

An adjective that makes a comparison, They usually end in -er: hotter, smaller, bigger

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9
Q

What is a superlative adjective?

A

An adjective indicating the highest degree, usually ending in -est: hottest, best, smallest

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10
Q

What is an attributive adjective?

A

They precede the noun they are modifying:
The expensive shoes.

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11
Q

What is a predicative adjective?

A

They follow the noun they are modifying:
The shoes look expensive.

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12
Q

What is a verb?

A

They are often known as ‘doing words’. They refer to physical actions (dynamic verbs), or to ‘mental actions’, states and conditions (stative verbs)

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13
Q

What is a dynamic verb?

A

Describes something with a clear beginning and end, which happens during a limited time.
e.g jump / take / give / explode / throw

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14
Q

What is a stative verb?

A

Describes states that continue over a period of time.
e.g think / anticipate / seems / agree / include

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15
Q

What is a main / lexical verb?

A

A verb that carries meaning.

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16
Q

What is an auxiliary verb?

A

A verb that supports the lexical verb. The auxiliary comes before the lexical verb.

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17
Q

What is an example of a primary auxiliary verb?

A

be / have / do

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18
Q

What is an example of a modal auxiliary verb?

A

can / may / could / might / would / will / should

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19
Q

What is an example of a semi-auxiliary verb?

A

have to / had better / be willing to

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20
Q

What is finite verb?

A

A verb that is marked for tense. Main clauses contain these.

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21
Q

What is a non-finite verb?

A

A verb which is not marked for tense: -ing (present) participle and -ed (past) participle

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22
Q

What is the active voice?

A

The subject is doing the action.
e.g “Steve (subject) loves Amy (object)”

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23
Q

What is the passive voice?

A

The target of the action gets promoted to the subject position.
e.g “Amy (subject) is loved by Steve”

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24
Q

What is a transitive verb?

A

Verbs that need an object to complete the meaning.

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25
Q

What is an intransitive verb?

A

Verbs which do not need an object to complete the meaning.

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26
Q

What is a cataphoric reference?

A

A word or expression that refers forward to another part of the text, not yet disclosed.

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27
Q

What is an anaphoric reference?

A

A word or expression that refers back to another part of the text.

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28
Q

What are pronouns?

A

Words that take the place of nouns

29
Q

What is a possessive pronoun?

A

Shows possession
e.g This is hers

30
Q

What is an indefinite pronoun?

A

Do not refer to specific persons or things
e.g someone

31
Q

What is a relative pronoun?

A

Placed after the noun they refer to
e.g the city that has many attractions

32
Q

What is a demonstrative pronoun?

A

Have a sense of pointing at something or someone
e.g this / that / those

33
Q

What is an interrogative pronoun?

A

Used when asking a question
e.g who / whose / which / what

34
Q

What is a reflexive pronoun?

A

Indicate the object is the same as the subject
e.g He congratulated himself

35
Q

What is a personal pronoun?

A

Replace subject and/or subject of a sentence
e.g I / he / she / they / him / she / them

36
Q

What is an interjection?

A

A part of speech that demonstrates the emotion or feeling of the author. These words or phrases can stand alone, or be placed before or after a sentence.

37
Q

What is deixis?

A

Use of demonstrative pronouns and determiners e.g this / that / those / these / them
(reliant on context - make no sense without further information)

38
Q

What is a determiner?

A

Precede nouns and refer directly to them.

39
Q

What is an example of a possesive determiner?

A

my / our / your / his /her / their

40
Q

What is an example of a demonstrative determiner?

A

this / that / those / these

41
Q

Is “the” a definite or an indefinite article?

A

definite

42
Q

Is “a/an” a definite or indefinite article?

A

indefinite

43
Q

What is an adverb?

A

Describes a verb, an adjective or another verb. It tell us how, how often, when and where.

44
Q

What is an example of an adverb of manner?

A

easily loudly quickly reluctantly sadly silently

45
Q

What is an example of an adverb of time?

A

after already early now soon yesterday

46
Q

What is an example of an adverb of degree?

A

really most extremely definitely fairly mostly absolutely

47
Q

What is an example of an adverb of frequency?

A

always every day never often twice sometimes

48
Q

What is an example of an adverb of place?

A

away everywhere here Southward about towards

49
Q

What is a preposition?

A

Indicates the way that one thing is related to another (shows the relationship between the noun that comes after it and something else in the sentence)

50
Q

What is a conjunction?

A

Joining words (also known as connectives) - they join different parts of a sentence together

51
Q

What is a subordinating conjunction?

A

Used to connect a subordinate clause to a main clause
e.g because / although / unless / until

52
Q

What is a coordinating conjunction?

A

Used when parts of a sentence are equal
e.g and / or / but (fanboys)

53
Q

What is a simple sentence?

A

Contains only one main clause

54
Q

What is a compound sentence?

A

Consists of two main clauses joined together by a coordinating conjunction (fanboys)

55
Q

What is a complex sentence?

A

Consists of a main clause and one or more subordinate clauses (aka dependent clauses)

56
Q

What is a minor sentence?

A

Lack a subject or a main verb.
e.g no parking

57
Q

What is a compound-complex sentence?

A

Has at least two independent clauses and at least one dependent clause

58
Q

What is an interrogative?

A

They ask a question (want information, and they always end with a question mark)
usually: (wh-word +) auxiliary + subject + verb …

59
Q

What is a declarative?

A

They make a statement (tell us something and give us information - normally end with a full-stop)
usually: subject + verb …

60
Q

What is an imperative?

A

They give a command (tell us to do something, and end with a full-stop or exclamation mark - usually start with a verb)

61
Q

What is an exclamative?

A

They express strong emotion/surprise (always end with an exclamation mark)
usually: what (+adjective) + noun + subject + verb
OR how (+ adjective/adverb) + subject + verb

62
Q

What is a noun phrase?

A

A group of two or more words that is headed by a noun (a person, place, or thing) that includes modifiers (e.g., ‘the,’ ‘a,’ ‘of them,’ ‘with her’)

63
Q

What is a verb phrase?

A

A combination of an auxiliary verb (helping verb) and a main lexical verb

64
Q

What is the lexical field?

A

Refers to vocabulary related by topic.
e.g rain, wind, fog, clouds, umbrella, storm (grouped in the lexical field of weather)

65
Q

What is a semantic field?

A

Refers to meaning rather than topic and typically involves synonyms and antonyms
e.g big, large, tiny, small (semantic field of size)

66
Q

What are inflectional affixes?

A

Added to the end of existing word for grammatical reasons
e.g -ed / -ing

67
Q

What are derivational affixes?

A

Added to morphemes to form new words that may or may not be the same part of speech
e.g Girl —> Girly

68
Q

What is colloquial language?

A

The linguistic style used for casual communication (the form of language that speakers typically use when they are relaxed and not especially self-conscious)

ENGLISH (9 decks)

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