Spontaneous Speech

Question 1

Discourse markers

Answer 1

well, oh, like, yeah etc

Question 2

Interruptions

Answer 2

someone talks over the speaker

Question 3

Hesitations

Answer 3

pauses (silences or filler)

Question 4

Overlaps

Answer 4

one speaker talks at the same time as another

Question 5

Interventions

Answer 5

Attempts to gain the floor (speaker pauses but hasn’t finished what they want to say)

Question 6

False starts

Answer 6

speaker starts, stops, re-thinks and re-phrases

Question 7

Hedges

Answer 7

soften what they say e.g using perhaps/could you

Question 8

Slang

Answer 8

informal / non standard english

Question 9

Fillers

Answer 9

errr / umm / weeell

Question 10

Digressions

Answer 10

steer away from the topic

Question 11

Deletion

Answer 11

missing out a word

Question 12

Ellipsis

Answer 12

missing out more than one word

Question 13

Repetition

Answer 13

repeating words or phrases

Question 14

Phatic communication

Answer 14

socially significant phrases (but meaningless) e.g how are you?

Question 15

Incompleteness

Answer 15

word / phrase not finished by the speaker

Question 16

Nicknames / address terms

Answer 16

‘sir’ ‘mate’ ‘our sally’

Question 17

Replacement of words

Answer 17

Substituting another word with ‘thingy’ or ‘stuff’

Question 18

Abbreviations

Answer 18

e.g ‘cause’

Question 19

Courtesy items

Answer 19

e.g ‘please’ ‘thank you’

Question 20

Contractions

Answer 20

one word is made from two e.g can’t / don’t

Question 21

Deixis

Answer 21

reader / listener needs context when referring to a place / object e.g ‘place that over there’

Question 22

Intensifiers

Answer 22

boost s the strength of meaning e.g really / very

Question 23

Silent pauses

Answer 23

indicated by ‘.’ for a micro pause, and ‘2’ to give a number of seconds in a pause

Question 24

Self repair

Answer 24

speaker corrects themselves

Question 25

Elision

Answer 25

missing out letters e.g hangin’ / waitin’

Question 26

Idiolect

Answer 26

own individual way of speaking

Question 27

Elliptical constructions

Answer 27

missing out words e.g don’t wanna