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Biomechanics Exam 1 > Terminology, planes and axes > Flashcards

Terminology, planes and axes Flashcards

1
Q

frontal plane in the foot will separate the foot into

A

distal and proximal portion (anterior +posterior )

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2
Q

transverse plane divides the foot into

A

dorsal and plantar portions

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3
Q

how many cardinal planes?

A

Frontal
Transverse
Sagittal
each is perpendicular to the other

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4
Q

adduction/abduction of the body occurs in what plane?

A

frontal plane

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5
Q

adduction/abduction of the foot occurs in what plane?

A

Transverse plane

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6
Q

ion or ing

A

motion

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7
Q

ed

A

position

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8
Q

-us or -um

A

deformity

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9
Q

Abductus

A

-a fixed angular relationship ( a deformity) in the foot, in a transverse plane
the foot would appear “out-toed”
-Distal segment of the joint is deviated away from the midline of the body

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10
Q

Dorsiflexion/plantarflexion occurs in

A

Sagittal plane

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11
Q

in dorsiflexion

A

the distal aspect of the foot moves toward the anterior surface of the leg

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12
Q

Pronation

A 
triplane motion
DORSIFLEXION
EVERSION
ABDUCTION
none of the 3 component motions can occur independently of the other 2
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13
Q

Supination

A

triplane motion
plantarflexion
inversion
adduction

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14
Q

supination and pronation can occur in

A
  • ankle joint
  • subtalar joint
  • oblique midtarsal joint
  • longitudinal midtarsal joint
  • fifth ray
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15
Q

angle of declination in femur is AKA

A

femoral torsion

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16
Q

angle of declination is formed by

A

a line tangent to the posterior condyles and a second line bisecting the neck of the femur

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17
Q

normal angle of femur declination in adults

A

8-12 degrees internally rotated

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18
Q

normal angle of femur declination in newborns

A

30 degrees internally rotated

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19
Q

angle of declination in 1st metatarsal

A

formed by a line bisecting the 1st metatarsal and a line representing the supporting surface

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20
Q

angle of declination in 1st metatarsal is AKA

A

1st metatarsal declination angle

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21
Q

1st metatarsal declination angle is observed in what plane ?

A

sagittal plane

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22
Q

what is gait?

A

manner or style of walking , running or any other form of repetitive bipedal human locomotion.

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23
Q

one Gait cycle is

A

activity from heel strike of one foot to heel strike by the SAME foot

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24
Q

Angle of Gait

A

angle observed on a transverse plane between the long axis of the foot and the line of progression of the center of body mass

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25
Q

A patient with an increase angle of gait will have

A

feet more abducted than normal (out-toed)

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26
Q

angle of gait is observed on what plane ?

A

transverse plane

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27
Q

base of gait

A

distance between the medial malleoli as they pass at midstance in gait
may also be described as distance from the line of progression
(Remember that one foot may have a wider base of gait than the other )

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28
Q

OKC

A

motion of a joint where the distal part of the joint is free to move and the proximal part of the joint is stabilized
motion of a body where one end of the body or body part is stabilized and the other end is free to move

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29
Q

CKC

A

motion occurs between 2 fixed points

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30
Q

congruous

A

optimum alignment of joint surfaces

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31
Q

subluxation

A

incomplete or partial dislocation of a joint

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32
Q

in a subluxed joint , the motion is ———-with the axis motion for that joint

A

inconsistent

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33
Q

both subluxed and dislocated are examples of

A

incongruency

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34
Q

coxa valga

A
  • osseous deformity

- angle of inclination of the femur has not decrease to pre-established normal (128º)

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35
Q

coxa valga is usually associated with

A 
narrower hips 
genu varum (bow legs )
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36
Q

coxa vara

A
  • osseaous deformity

- angle of inclination of the femur has decreased beyond the pre-esablished normal

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37
Q

coxa vara is usually associated with

A 
wider hips 
genu valgum (knock knees)
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38
Q

Genu valgum

A

abnormal abducted angle of tibia in relation to the femur

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39
Q

genu valgum is deformity in what plane

A

Frontal plane

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40
Q

Genu Varum

A

abnormal adducted angle of tibia in relation to the femur

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41
Q

in genu varum, the body part distal to the knee is in what position relative to the knee?

A

fixed inverted

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42
Q

genu varum is deformity in what plane?

A

Frontal plane

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43
Q

Genu Recurvatum is a deformity in what angle?

A

Sagittal

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44
Q

Genu Recurvatum

A

When the knee is extending beyond 180º

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45
Q

what is the normal angle of knee extension in children

A

5º to to age 5

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46
Q

what is cyma line?

A

double curved line seen on radiograph formed by combination of the line of the talonavicular joint and the line of calcaneocuboid joint

47
Q

what is Equinus?

A

limitation of normal range of drosiflexion of the ankle joint

48
Q

Equinus is a deformity in what plane?

A

Sagittal

49
Q

Equinus is most commonly referred to

A

an ankle joint deformity

50
Q

Eversion is a motion in what plane?

A

Frontal plane

51
Q

What is eversion?

A

a frontal plane motion whereby the plantar surface of the foot rotates away from the midline of the body

52
Q

At the subtalar joint, pronation is occuring but we measure

A

frontal plane component of pronation

53
Q

What does 1st ray consist of?

A

the 1st cuneiform and 1st metatarsal moving about a common axis

54
Q

normal 1st ray function requires

A

normal hallux function

55
Q

what is dorsiflexed 1st ray?

A

Fixed sagittal plane deformity of the 1st ray in which the head of the 1st metatarsal has a greater range of dorsiflexion motion as compared to the range of plantarflexion motion

56
Q

What is the normal range of dorsiflexion/plantarflexion in 1sst ray?

A

5mm dorsiflexion

5mm plantarflexion

57
Q

plantarflexed 1sr ray?

A

Fixed sagittal plane deformity in which plantar surface of the 1st metatrsal head lies below the plantar plane of the lesser metatarsals

58
Q

in plantarflexed 1sr ray the subtalar joint is in what position?

A

Neutral

59
Q

in plantarflexed 1sr ray the midtarsal joint is in what position?

A

Fully pronated

60
Q

in plantarflexed 1sr ray subtalar joint and midtarsal jont can be

A

Rigid and Flexible

61
Q

STJ neutral position involves

A
  • greatest compression forces and least torsional forces

- closed-pack position

62
Q

STJ neutral position is measured by

A

comparing the leg bisection to the calcaneal bisection while the subtalar joint is in neutral position

63
Q

what is the normal STJ neutral position

A

0 or rectus

64
Q

Rearfoot

A

combined unit of the os calcis and the talus

65
Q

Neutral Calcaneal stance position (NCSP)

A

angle that the posterior bisection makes with the ground when the individual is in static stance and the STJ is held in neutral

66
Q

what is a normal (NCSP)?

A

0 or rectus

67
Q

Total rearfoot deformity is equal to

A

Calcaulates NCSP=tibial influence + STJ NP

68
Q

REARFOOT VARUS

A
  • frontal plane osseous deformity
  • sagittal bisection of the posterior surface of the heel is inverted to the ground when the subtalar joint is in neutral position (NCSP)
69
Q

Rearfoot varus can be

A
  • compensated
  • uncompensated
  • partially compensated
70
Q

Rearfoot valgus

A
  • frontal plane osseous deformity
  • sagittal bisection of the posterior surface of the heel is everetd to the ground when the STJ is in neutral position (NCPS)
71
Q

most rearfoot valgus is a result of

A

genue valgum

72
Q

Relaxed calcaneal stance position (RCSP)

A

position of the sagittal bisection of the calcaneus to the ground while standing in a relaxed manner in the patient’s normal angle and base of gait.

73
Q

RCSP represents

A

compensation at the subtalar joint

74
Q

Forefoot

A

Portion of the foot that is distal to the midtarsal joint

75
Q

midtarsal joint

A

talonavicular

calcaneocuboid

76
Q

locking mechanism of the midtarsal joint is when

A

the STJ is in neutral position and midtarsal joint is maximally pronated

77
Q

in locking mechanism, the midtarsal joint is

A

incapable of further dorsiflexion, eversion and abduction motion

78
Q

locking mechanism of the midtarsal joint is a position of

A

stability

79
Q

locking mechanism of the midtarsal joint contributes to

A

the mobile adapter/rigid lever function of the foot

80
Q

Forefoot adductus

A

when the angle made by line bisecting the shaft of the 2nd metatrsal and the line representing the long axis of the rearfoot is >15º

81
Q

Forefoot adductus is a deformity that is observed in what plane?

A

transverse plane

82
Q

angulation in forefoot adductus occur at what joint?

A

midtarsal joint

83
Q

Metatarsus adductus

A

when metatarsals are deviated toward the midline of the body

84
Q

angulation in metatarsus adductus occur at what joint?

A

at tarso-metatarsal joints

85
Q

Forefoot valgus

A
  • osseous abnormality
  • Entire plantar plane of the forefoot is everted relative to the sagittal bisection of the posterior surface of the calcaneous
86
Q

how would one evaluate the forefoot valgus deformity?

A

evaluated when STJ is in neutral position and midtarsal joint is maximally pronated

87
Q

forefoot varus

A
  • osseous abnormality
  • Entire plantar plane of the forefoot is inverted relative to the sagittal bisection of the posterior surface of the calcaneous
88
Q

compensated forefoot varus

A

inverted forefoot deformity where the entire forefoot is in contact with the ground due to compensatory pronation of the subtalar joint when the foot is relaxed.

89
Q

partially compensated forefoot varus

A

forefoot is inverted to the ground by a lesser degree than the total amount of the deformity

90
Q

uncompensated forefoot varus

A

forefoot is inverted to the ground by the same degree as the total amount of deformity

91
Q

uncompensated forefoot varus is Rare or common?

A

RARE

92
Q

in uncompensated forefoot varus, subtalar joint

A

is unable to compensate

93
Q

what is abnormal compensation?

A

a pathological , anamalous change in the osseous structure ( bones or joints)

94
Q

abnormal compensation can occur in

A

bones or joints

95
Q

abnormal compensation occurs in response to?

A

_a demand for motion at a joint to move contrary to its axis of motion
_motion beyond its available range of motion

96
Q

forefoot supinatus

A

fixed supinated position of the midtarsal joint as a result of inverted SOFT TISSUE deformity of the forefoot on the rearfoot when the subtalar joint is neutral and MTJ is maximally pronated

97
Q

what is the difference between forefoot varus and forefoot supinatus

A

forefoot varus is due to bony deformity

forefoot supinatus is due to soft tissue deformity.

98
Q

melleolar position

A

a torsional relationship between the malleoli relative to the proximal condyles of the tibia

99
Q

malleolar position is usually ——–less than tibial torsion

A

5º

100
Q

orthoses

A

apparatus used to support, align, prevent or correct deformities
improve function of movable parts of the body

101
Q

Axis

A

an axis is a line created by the intersection of 2 or more planes and about which motion can occur

102
Q

if motion occurs in one plane, then the axis is located

A

at the intersection of the remaining 2 planes

103
Q

pivot point

A

is the point in which the net motion is zero..like the center of a wheel

104
Q

in human body the pivot point is usually

A

within or very near the joint

105
Q

an axis located at the intersection of the frontal and sagittal planes will have motion occurring in the

A

Transverse plane

106
Q

As the axis moves further away from a particular plane,

A

more motion occurs in that plane

107
Q

Name 3 uniaxial joints?

A
  1. ankle joint
  2. Subtalar joint
  3. interphalangeal joints
108
Q

Name 2 biaxial joints

A
  1. Knee joints (allows flexion/extension and interna/external rotation)
  2. metatarsophalangeal joints (allow for abduction/adduction and flexion/extension)
109
Q

Name a triaxial joint

A

hip joint (allows for flexion/ extension, abduction/adduction, internal/external rotation)

110
Q

true or false?

true uniplanar motion is not likely in the body

A

True

111
Q

motion can be described as combination of

A

axes and planes (e.g. subtalar joint us uniaxial, triplanar motion)

112
Q

The axis of a joint is described as the amount of

A

deviation from all 3 planes

113
Q

when the joint axis is deviated further away from a particular plane than normal, the joint motion may be described as having

A

planar dominance in that particular plane

Biomechanics Exam 1 (12 decks)

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