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Biomechanics Exam 1 > Gait Cycle > Flashcards

Gait Cycle Flashcards

1
Q

difference between walking and gait?

A

walking is locomotion–> 2 legs alternating to provide both support and propulsion

gait is a manner or style of walking

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2
Q

4 components of locomotion

A
  1. propulsion
  2. stance stability
  3. shock absorption
  4. Energy conservation
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3
Q

Non functional movement of the COM is ——–

A

Energy expensive

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4
Q

Any deviation of COM from the line of progression———the energy cost

A

increases

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5
Q

what is the major factor in minimizing the body’s expenditure of Energy?

A

minimizing the movement of the body’s COM during locomotion

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6
Q

movement of the body’s center of Mass reflects

A

collective movement of the body

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7
Q

gait cycle is

A

a single sequence of functions of one limb

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8
Q

gait cycle has 2 phases

A
  1. stance phase

2. swing phase

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9
Q

stance phase

A

begins with heel contacts and ends with toe off

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10
Q

swing phase

A

begins with toe off and ends at heel contact

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11
Q

in normal walking stance phase is how much of GC?

A

60%

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12
Q

in normal walking swing phase is how much of a GC?

A

40%

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13
Q

in slow walking

A

stance phase % increases

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14
Q

in fast walking

A

stance phase % decreases

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15
Q

what is terminal double limb support

A

from heel strike to opposite toe off 8-12%

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16
Q

what is the initial double support

A

opposite heel strike to contra-lateral toe off 8-12%

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17
Q

what is the most critical phase for maintaining balance during walking

A

DLS

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18
Q

what percentage of the metabolic energy expended during walking happens in DLS

A

60-70%

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19
Q

step

A

advancement of a single foot

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20
Q

cadence

A

steps in a minute

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21
Q

stride

A

advancement of both feet

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22
Q

walking speed (velocity)

A

time taken to walk a set distance

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23
Q

stride length

A

right step length + left step length

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24
Q

walking speed

A

stride length/Gait cycle

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25
Q

what are some spatial parameters of gait

A
  1. stride length
  2. step length
  3. step width
  4. foot angle
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26
Q

stride length

A

heel contact to heel contact of the same foot ( 2steps)

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27
Q

step length

A

heel contact to heel contact of the other foot ( 1 step)

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28
Q

step width

A

distance between heel centers

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29
Q

foot angle

A

degree of toe-out ( long axis of the foot) with line of progression
if you are still confused google the image ..then it will make sense

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30
Q

toe in/toe out

A

is the angle between the line of progression and the line connecting the heel point to the fwd point on the foot .

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31
Q

the angle for toe-ouT is

A

posiTive

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32
Q

the angle for toe-in is

A

Negative

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33
Q

3 functional patterns of weight acceptance

A
  1. shock absorption
  2. initial limb stability
  3. preservation of progression
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34
Q

Phases of weight acceptance

A
  1. initial contact

2. Loading Response

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35
Q

Phases of single limb support

A

mid-stance

terminal stance

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36
Q

Phases of limb advacement

A

pre-swing
initial swing
mid swing
terminal swing

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37
Q

heel strike is necessary for the body to

A

absorb shock
speed-slowing the movement of the foot to the floor so it doesnt slap
joint angles : Bending and internally rotating (twisting inwards) the hip and knee, contact on lateral side

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38
Q

heel contact is what percentage of GC

A

0-2%

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39
Q

chorcot foot syndrome

A

abnormal initial contact

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40
Q

events in the loading response

A
  • pronation of the foot (Rolling inwards)
  • foot comes into contact with the ground
  • soft tissues expand
  • arches lower
  • soft tissue loosen the joints whithin the foot and lower Ex
  • loosening of the joint causes the lower limbs to internally rotate–> this causes the force generated by the weight of the body to be absorbed as it is transferred vertically over one foot
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41
Q

the foot functions as a mobile adapter , it is also able to adapt to

A

uneven ground conditions

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42
Q

foot position in early stance to Mid stance

A

foot is pronated (4º)
Foot is Mobile (Flexible)
Enhances Balance

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43
Q

Loading response is how many percent of the GC?

A

0-10%

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44
Q

What is the function of Loading Response?

A
  1. Shock absorption (DLS)
  2. weight bearing stability
  3. Preservation of Progression
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45
Q

What is the position of hip in Loading response?

A

Extending internally rotating

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46
Q

What is the position of knee in Loading response?

A

Flexing to ~15º

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47
Q

What is the position of ankle in Loading response?

A

Plantarflexes to meet the ground

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48
Q

What is the position of subtalar in Loading response?

A

Pronating

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49
Q

loading response is composed of?

A

heel strike–> foot flat–> toe off ( for the other foot)

The other foot that we are talking about is still in foot flat

50
Q

Events in Midstance ?

A
  • weight is taken to the right limb and the left limb is swinging through to take the next step (stopping rotation+ PE to KE conversion)
  • As midstance progresses only the right limb stays in contact with the ground ( as the left limb is swinging through the air to take the next step)
  • As the left leg swings through the air and weight in taken onto the right limb, the opossite starts to happen, with the hip and knee beginning to straighten and stop rotating inwards.
  • The ankle joint bends more and the foot should stop rolling inward
51
Q

Midstance is what portion of GC?

A

10-30% of GC

52
Q

Midstance is what portion of stance?

A

50%

53
Q

What is the function of Midtstance?

A

Progression over foot (ankle rocker)
limb and trunk stability
1st half of single limb support

54
Q

What is the position of hip in midstance ?

A

Hip is extending

55
Q

What is the position of knee in midstance ?

A

Knee is extending

56
Q

What is the position of ankle in midstance ?

A

Ankle is dorsiflexing

57
Q

What is the position of subtalar in midstance ?

A

subtalar is supinating ( where neutral position occurs)

58
Q

Heel off portion of Midstance

A

Right leg instead of absorbing shock, needs to become rigid to push-off onto the next step
-The ankle begins to flex again after bending to 100 degrees at the end of midstance , load is taken onto the forefoot and pressure is directed between the 1st and 2nd toes, allowing the big toe joint to bend .

59
Q

terminal stance is what portion of the GC?

A

30-50%

60
Q

What is the function of terminal stance?

A
  • progression over forefoot rocker
  • heel rises
  • other limb in terminal swing
61
Q

What is the position of hip in terminal stance ?

A

Hip is extending

62
Q

What is the position of knee in terminal stance ?

A

extending maximally then begins to flex

63
Q

What is the position of ankle in terminal stance ?

A

plantarflexing repidly

64
Q

What is the position of subtalar in terminal stance ?

A

almost maximal supination

65
Q

events in pre-swing

A

left heel hits the ground and both legs are momentarily in contact with the ground at the same time.
the big toe is the last to leave the ground as pressure is taken on the other foot. The risk of falling down is high in this phase.

66
Q

in pre-swing (DLS) the most important factor is

A

Energy conservation

67
Q

What is essential in Energy conservation

A

minimum M-L motion of CoM

68
Q

What is the primary function in early swing

A

to clear the limb from the ground, as it passes the other leg

69
Q

what are the positions of ankle, hip. knee and big-toe joint in initial swing?

A

they all flex to shorten the limb and enable its passage past the weight bearing leg.

70
Q

Pre swing is what portion pf the GC?

A

50-60%

71
Q

what is the function of pre swing?

A

position the leg for swing and double limb support

72
Q

what is the position of hip in pre-swing?

A

flexing from maximally extended position

73
Q

what is the position of knee in pre-swing?

A

flexing

74
Q

what is the position of ankle in pre-swing?

A

maximal plantarflexion

75
Q

what is the position of subtalar in pre-swing?

A

maximal supination

76
Q

pre-swing is from X to X

A

midstance to toe off

77
Q

what portion of GC is initial swing?

A

60-73%

78
Q

what is the function of initial swing?

A

foot clearing the floor and advancement of the limb from trailing position

79
Q

What is the position of hip in initial swing?

A

flexing and externally rotating

80
Q

What is the position of knee in initial swing?

A

flexing near maximal

81
Q

What is the position of ankle in initial swing?

A

slight dorsiflexion

82
Q

What is the position of subtalar in initial swing?

A

rapid pronation

83
Q

midswing comes immediately after

A

knee flexion to vertical tibia position

84
Q

midswing is the point where knee reaches to its

A

max speed of rotation

85
Q

terminal swing

A
  • as the center of mass of the body moves forward
  • the hip continues to flex
  • the knee begins to straighten again to throw the leg forward in order to take the next step
86
Q

mid-swing is what portion of GC

A

73-87%

87
Q

what is the function of mid-swing?

A

limb advancement
foot clearance
other limb late mid stance

88
Q

what is the position of hip in mid-swing?

A

flexing and beginning to internally rotate

89
Q

what is the position of knee in mid-swing?

A

beginning to extend from maximal flexion

90
Q

what is the position of ankle in mid-swing?

A

dorsiflexion to neutral

91
Q

what is the position of subtalar in mid-swing?

A

pronating

92
Q

terminal swing is ——-

A

87-100% GC

93
Q

what is the function of terminal swing?

A

from vertical tibia to heel contact
limb advancement completed by knee extension
foot clearance
other limb late mid stance

94
Q

what is the position of hip in terminal swing

A

flexing and beginning to internally rotate

95
Q

what is the position of knee in terminal swing

A

continuing to extend close to full extension

96
Q

what is the position of ankle in terminal swing

A

dorsiflexed to neutral

97
Q

what is the position of subtalar in terminal swing

A

moving toward slight supination

98
Q

too little pronation/supination

A

loss of force dissipation
loss of mobility-balance
stress injury

99
Q

too much pronation/supination

A
  • relationship to tibial rotation
  • associated patellar tracking issues
  • soft-tissue stress
100
Q

control of pronation/supination

A

shoe design
orthotics
muscle strengthening-posterior tiba

101
Q

postural changes will change

A

the center of gravity

102
Q

limb segment length and walking speed change

A

the phases of gait and forces

103
Q

pidiatric gait

A

wider base of gait
decreased stride length
decreased walking speed
absent heel strike-flat foot strike
decreased knee flexion in loading response
entire extremity externally rotated in swing
no reciprocal arm swing

104
Q

pediatric gait-Age 2

A 
decreased stride length
decreased walking speed
no reciprocal arm swing
adult-heel strike
adult-normal knee flexion
adult-closer to normal ex rotation in swing
105
Q

pediatric gait -age 4

A 
decreased stride length
decreased walking speed
adult-base of gait
adult-reciprocal arm swing
adult-heel strike
adult-knee flexion
adult-normal ex rotation in swing
106
Q

pediatric gait-age 15

A

most resembles adult gait

107
Q

pediatric kinematics-hip extension——-?

A

Reduced

108
Q

pediatric kinematic-in terminak swing, hip flexion ———duration

A

Decreased

109
Q

pediatric kinematic-knee ————–extended

A

DOESN’T fully

110
Q

pediatric kinematic- flexion ———–in swing

A

reduced

111
Q

pediatric kinematic- Ankle plantarflexed at————

A

heel contact

112
Q

pediatric kinematic-decreased swing phase minimizes

A

demand for single limb support

113
Q

pediatric kinematic_ Muscles EMG activities

A

Increased

114
Q

geriatric gait

A

decrease stride length
increased base of gait
increased cycle time leads to decreased single limb support and longer double support time

115
Q

geriatric kinematics-head has less

A

less vertical movement and more side to side motion

116
Q

geriatric kinematics- hip extension/flexion——-

A

reduced

117
Q

geriatric kinematics- Knee flexion

A

reduced in swing

118
Q

geriatric kinematics-Ankle reduced plantarflexion at

A

terminal stance

119
Q

geriatric kinematics-toe trajectory changed in

A

swing with less heel rise

120
Q

geriatric kinematics-toe out

A

increases

121
Q

geriatric kinematics-elbows more

A

flexed

122
Q

geriatric kinematics-shoulders are

A

extended

Biomechanics Exam 1 (12 decks)

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