Terminology, Introduction, and Nervous System Flashcards
Proximal and Distal are related to…
the head; for the same bone.
Proximal =
closer to the head.
Distal =
further from head.
Lateral and Medial are related to…
the midline; splits body in half (vertically).
Medial =
closer to the midline.
Lateral =
further from midline
Superior and Inferior apply to
the head, neck, trunk.
Superior =
top half of body (above waist)
Inferior =
bottom half of body (below waist)
Transverse/Horizontal plane divides body into…
superior and inferior.
Frontal/Coronal plane divides body into…
anterior and posterior
Sagittal plane divides body into…
right and left parts
What do Arteries do?
Carry blood oxygenated in the lungs and then pumped by the heart to the tissues of the body.
Usually coloured red in anatomical images.
What do Veins do?
Returns blood that has supplied the tissues back to the heart, to be sent to the lungs to be reoxygenated.
Usually coloured blue in anatomical images.
What are the three types of muscles?
Cardiac, Smooth, Skeletal
The function of cardiac muscles?
Regulated by the hearts pacemaker.
Not voluntary
e.g the heart.
The function of smooth muscles?
Found in arteries, digestive and urinary tracts.
Not voluntary
e.g. intestines
The function of skeletal muscles?
Voluntary Produces movement. Maintains posture and position. Supports/protects. Maintains body temperature. Stores nutrients. e.g. bicep brachii
The function of the medullary cavity?
It’s the hollow part of the bone that contains bone marrow. The bone marrow makes blood cells and stores fat.
The function of the periosteum?
Nourishes compact bones and provides sites for the attachment of tendons and ligaments
The function of the spongy bone?
Reduces the density of bone and allows the ends of long bones to compress as the result of stresses applied to the bone.
The function of the compact bone?
It provides protection and strength to bones. Consists of units called osteons.
The function of the synovial membrane?
A layer of connective tissue that lines the cavities of joints and tendons. The synovial membrane makes synovial fluid, which has a lubricating function.
The function of the articular cartilage?
Provide a smooth, lubricated surface for low friction articulation.
The function of the synovial fluid?
Is a thick liquid located between your joints. The fluid cushions the ends of bones and reduces friction when you move your joints.
The function of the fibrous joint capsule?
The capsule limits unnecessary movement, while providing stability to the joint.
The function of Somatic Nervous System
Conscious voluntary control e.g. skeletal muscle action or sensations you are aware of.
The function of Autonomic Nervous System
Involuntary smooth muscles, cardiac muscles and glands. The ANS senses body conditions and makes adjustments.
What is the tubercle? (feature of bone)
A tubercle is a small rounded point of a bone. It also refers to a nodule attached to bone, mucous membrane.
What is the fossa (feature of bone)?
is a depression or hollow, usually in a bone
What is the crest (feature of bone)?
A raised or prominent part of the edge of a bone. Crests are often the sites where connective tissue attaches muscle to bone.
Different parts of a bone as the architecture differs?
Periosteum
Compact/cortical bone
Spongy bone
Medullary cavity
