Terminology and classification

Question 0

Egs of abnormal stream of thought

Answer 0

Pressured speech (mania?)

Poverty of speech (depression, schizo)

Thought block (schizo)

Question 1

MSE categories to assess speech

Answer 1

Disorders of stream of thought

Disorders of thought form

Question 2

Egs of abnormal thought form

Answer 2

Flight of ideas (mania)

Word salad/ schizophasia (schizo, receptive Wernicke’s aphasia

Perseveration (schizo, OCD, frontal lobe lesions)

Question 3

Categories of mood change

Answer 3

Persistant change (depressed, anxious, elated, irritable, blunted affect)

Fluctuating change

Incongruity (mood does not reflect context)

Question 4

Broad categories of thought abnormalities

Answer 4

Disorders of content

Disorders of possession

Question 5

Egs of disorders of thought content

Answer 5

Delusions
Overvalued ideas
Obsessions

Question 6

Egs of disorders of thought possession

Answer 6

Thought broadcast
Thought insertion
Thought withdrawal

Question 7

Define delusion

Answer 7

A fixed false belief held with absolute conviction, which is out of keeping with the patient’s cultural, social and religious beliefs.

Question 8

Egs of perceptual disturbances

Answer 8

Hallucinations 
Pseudo hallucinations 
Illusions
Depersonalisation 
Derealisation
Heightened sensitivity

Question 9

Define hallucination

Answer 9

Sensory perception in the absence of a stimulus, perceived in objective space with the qualities of normal perceptions

Question 10

Define pseudo hallucinations

Answer 10

Usually auditory: true externally sited hallucinations, but with insight into their imaginary nature, or internally sited hallucinations (eg, voice in head)

Question 11

Define illusion

Answer 11

Misperception of an external stimuli. Occurs commonly when general level of sensory stimulation is reduced

Question 12

Define depersonalisation

Answer 12

A change in self-awareness such that the patient feels unreal or detached from their body. Importantly the patient is aware of the subjective nature of this alteration

Question 13

Define derealisation

Answer 13

The unpleasant feeling hat the external environment has become unreal and/or remote; patients can describe being in a dream like state

Question 14

Define affect

Answer 14

Pattern of observable behaviours that are the expression of subjectively experienced feelings/emotions.

Question 15

Disturbances of affect

Answer 15

Blunted - reduced affect
Flat - absent/near absent affective expression
Inappropriate - different affect for content of speech
Labile - abnormal variability, rapid
Restricted - mild reduction in range of affect

Question 16

Define avolition

Answer 16

Inability to initiate and persist with goal-directed activities

Question 17

Define cognition

Answer 17

The process of obtaining, organising and using intellectual information

Question 18

Define aphasia

Answer 18

Language disturbance

Question 19

Define apraxia

Answer 19

Impaired motor activity

Question 20

Define agnosia

Answer 20

Failure to recognise objects or people

Question 21

Define executive functioning

Answer 21

Ability to plan, organise and carry out tasks

Question 22

What are basic activities of daily living?

Answer 22

Self-care tasks, including:

• Washing
• Dressing
• Self-feeding (not including chewing and swallowing)
• Personal hygiene
• Functional mobility
• Toilet hygiene

Question 23

What are instrumental activities of daily living?

Answer 23

Tasks that aren’t necessary for basic functioning, but allow an individual to live independently in a community, e.g. :

• Taking medication
• Shopping
• Cooking
• Managing finances
• Housework
• Use of telephone or other means of communication