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Sociology > Terminology > Flashcards

Terminology Flashcards

1
Q

What is ethnicity?

A

The shared culture of a group which gives its member a common identity in some ways different from other social groups.

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2
Q

What is a social construct?

A

The way something is created through the individual, social and cultural interpretations. Official statistics, deviance and suicide are all examples of social phenomena that only exist because people have constructed them.

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3
Q

What is an ascribed status?

A

Status which is given to an individual at birth and usually can’t be changed.

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4
Q

What is stratification?

A

Society’s categorization of people into socioeconomic strata, based upon their occupation and income, wealth and social status, or derived power.

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5
Q

What is structural differentiation?

A

The way new, more specialized social institutions emerge to take over functions that were once performed by a single institution.

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6
Q

What is ‘rite of passage’?

A

An event that marks the passing from one life phase to another - from childhood to adulthood.

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7
Q

What is racism?

A

Treating people differently on the basis of their ethnic origin.

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8
Q

What is status?

A

The amount of prestige or social importance a person has in the eyes of other members of a group or society.

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9
Q

What does scapegoating mean?

A

An individual picked out to be blamed for an action or event whether or not he or she is guilty - very often applied to those who are innocent.

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10
Q

What is gender?

A

The culturally created differences between men and women which are learnt through socialization.

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11
Q

Who is an immigrant (to come in)?

A

A person who migrates INTO another country, usually for employment purposes.

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12
Q

Who is an emigrant (to go out)?

A

A person who leaves a country to live and work elsewhere.

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13
Q

What is discrimination?

A

Treatment or consideration of, or making a distinction in favour of or against, a person or thing based on the group, class, gender, etc. It is often used in a negative context.

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14
Q

What is achieved status?

A

Status which is achieved through an individual’s own efforts.

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15
Q

What is ‘youth culture’?

A

The languages, beliefs, values and norms, customs, roles, knowledge and skills which combine to make up the way of life of young people in any society.

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16
Q

What is the nature theory?

A

Behaviour is dictated through biology and animal instinct.

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17
Q

What is the nurture theory?

A

Behaviour is learnt by copying and training from other.

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18
Q

What is socialisation?

A

The process of learning how to behave.

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19
Q

What is primary socialisation?

A

The first things that we learn that normally takes place in the home when we are young.

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20
Q

What is secondary socialisation?

A

The learning that takes place beyond the home

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21
Q

What is ‘agencies of socialisation’?

A

The places/institutions where socialisation takes place.

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22
Q

What is social control?

A

The ways in which society shapes and controls the way we think and behave.

23
Q

What is formal social control?

A

The institutions in society who’s main purpose is to uphold the law and punish those who go against them.

24
Q

What is informal social control?

A

How we are persuaded to conform through what we have been implicitly taught by the agencies of socialisation.

25
Q

What are norms?

A

The behaviours/actions that are considered normal in any situation

26
Q

What are values?

A

The things that we think are important about society. Values underlie norms.

27
Q

Whare are ‘mores’?

A

Our sense or right and wrong.

28
Q

Who is a deviant?

A

Someone who breaks the formal and informal rules of society.

29
Q

What are formal sanctions?

A

Punishments for breaking formal rules/laws

30
Q

What are informal sanctions?

A

Punishments for breaking moral rules/norms/values

31
Q

What is value free ?

A

A statement of fact with no bias

32
Q

What does value laden contain?

A

Contains people’s personal opinions

33
Q

What’s is objective?

A

Value free and scientific. Allows clear ideas to be shown in black and white.

34
Q

What is subjective?

A

Contains personal feelings and is unscientific

35
Q

What is inequality?

A

The differences between people’s chances in life

36
Q

What are life chances?

A

The chances available to individuals to improve their quality of life

37
Q

What does working class mean?

A

Skilled, semi-skilled or unskilled workers who often work with their hands for a living

38
Q

What does middle class mean?

A

People who have a more academic background who use this in their occupations

39
Q

What does embourgeoisement mean?

A

The process of the working class adopting middle-class values

40
Q

What is a ruling class?

A

The powerful group in society who often has more money, power and control over society

41
Q

What is oppression?

A

Where more powerful social groups/individuals control those who are considered less powerful

42
Q

What is the consensus theory?

A

An agreement amongst society about how it should run smoothly

43
Q

What is the conflict theory?

A

Where the groups in society have difference interests where inevitably one group rules over the other.

44
Q

What is functionalism?

A

All institutions and individuals in society have a specific role to fulfill for the greater good of society running smoothly

45
Q

What is organic analogy?

A

The idea that the society works like the human body. The institutions in society are vital to its survival. If one institution was to stop working then the rest of society would be affected

46
Q

What is marxism?

A

There are 2 classes in society. The ruling class (those who have all the power, money and control) and the working class (who are being controlled and have little power). The ruling class use the agencies of socialisation to keep the working class in place.

47
Q

What is the labeling theory?

A

When powerful individuals/institutions give a label to others in society. it can be either positive or negative.

48
Q

What is a self-fulfilling prophecy?

A

When an individual who is labelled accepts it and lives up to it

49
Q

What is a moral panic?

A

People get hysterical about things they see in the news

50
Q

What is a macro approach?

A

Looking at society as a whole

51
Q

What is a micro approach?

A

Looking at individuals/small groups within society

52
Q

What is validity?

A

Truthfulness of an argument/research evidence

53
Q

What is reliability?

A

How measurable an argument/research evidence is. Examines whether data is stable and/or consistent.

Sociology (14 decks)

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