Terminology Flashcards
Understand the common words used in anatomy.
Anatomy
The structure of the physical form of the body.
Physiology
The study of how the body and its parts function.
Gross Anatomy
Macroscopic anatomy -> Large body structures such as the heart or bones.
Microscopic Anatomy
Cells and tissues
Dorsal
Back or upper side; behind
Ventral
Front or underside/in front of
Structural organization of the human body
- Chemical Level
- Cellular Level
- Tissue Level
- Organ Level
- Organ System Level
- Organism Level
Which system produces offspring?
Reproductive System
What is the Integumentary System?
The external covering of the body or skin; cushions and protects deeper tissues as well as excrete salts, contain sensory receptors, and produce vitamin D.
Which system provides a framework for the muscle and consists of cartilages and joints?
Skeletal System
Urinary system/Excretory system
Production of waste byproducts to be disposed of; includes nitrogen waste
Its only function is to contract and shorten
Muscular System
Which system is the body’s fast acting control system where body must respond to stimuli?
Nervous System
Endocrine System
Controls the body’s activity slowly; glands produce hormones that are released into the blood and travel to target organs
A tube running from the mouth to the anus
Digestive System
Lymphatic System
Complements the cardiovascular system; ensures enough blood is circulating as well as help cleanse the blood
Job is to keep the body supplied with oxygen and remove CO2
Respiratory System
Using blood as a carrier, this system delivers oxygen, nutrients, hormones etc. to cells and picks up wastes; white blood cells and chemicals help protect the body from foreign invaders
Cardiovascular System
What cells are highly irritable and can communicate rapidly through electrical impulses.
Nerve cells
Metabolism
All chemical reactions that occur within the body(breaking down complex molecules and building larger ones); uses nutrients and oxygens to produce ATP
Interstitial Fluid
Fluid between the cells
Why are carbohydrates important? Fats? Vitamins/minerals?
Provide energy
Build cell structure and cushion organs
Chemical reactions
Anatomical Position
The standard position of the body: the body is erect with feet parallel and arms hanging at the sides with palms facing forward and thumbs are lateral.
Superior(cranial/cephalic)
toward the head end or upper part of body; above
Inferior(caudal)
away from the head end or toward the lower part of the body; below
Toward the front of the body
Anterior/Ventral
Toward the backside of the body
Posterior/Dorsal
Medial
toward the midline of the body or inner side of
Away from the midline of the body on the outer side of
Lateral
Between a more medial and more lateral structure
Intermediate
Proximal
close to the origin of the body part or point of attachment of a limb
Farther from the origin of the body or point of attachment of a limb
Distal
Superficial
toward or at the body surface (external)
Away from the body surface(internal)
Deep
Sagittal Section
Cut lengthwise dividing body to left and right; longitudinal plane
Cut down the median plane of the body so left and right are of equal size
Midsaggital section
Frontal section
Cut along the lengthwise section; divide to front and back
A cut along the horizontal plane; divide into superior and inferior parts
Transverse section
Dorsal Body Cavity
2 subdivisions that are continuous to one another; cranial cavity and spinal cavity
Space inside of the bony skull
Cranial Cavity
Spinal Cavity
Includes the spinal cord which is a continuation of the brain and is protected by bony vertebrae
Ventral Body Cavity
Large and contains all the structures/organs within the chest and abdomen
Subdivisions of the ventral cavity
Superior thoracic cavity
Abdominal cavity
Pelvic cavity
Which cavity is separated from others and by what in the ventral cavity>
Thoracic (lungs, heart etc) separated by diaphragm
Mediastinum
separates the lungs into left and right cavities; houses the heart and trachea
Homeostasis
body’s ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions
Components of the homeostatic control system
Receptor (sensor)
Afferent pathway (flow of info from receptor to control)
Control center (determines response based on info )
Efferent pathway (flow of info from control to effector)
Effector (provides mean for the response)
Net effect of response to stimulus is to either shut off or reduce intensity of original stimulus/decreases amount of change
Negative Feedback
Rare and tend to increase original disturbance/push variable farther from original value/increases amount of change
Positive feedback to control infrequent events
