Cells and Tissues Flashcards
Know components of cells and tissues
What is the Cell Theory?
The cell is the basic structural and functional unit of living organisms; the activity of the organism depends on the collective activities of the cell.
Biochemical activities/function of the cell are dictated by their structure
Principle of complementarity
Groups of cell that are similar in structure and function
Tissues
What are the 4 main elements that cells are composed of?
CHON
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen
Pinocytosis
cells that are thirsty; need to bring fluid into the cells
The three main parts of the cell
the plasma membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm
What are proteins responsible for in the membrane?
Specialized functions like receptors, transport, and some enzymes
3 ways that cells are bound together
Glycoproteins in the glycocalyx act as an adhesive/cellular glue
Wavy contours of membranes of adjacent cells fit together
Special cell membrane junctions are formed
What are the 3 types of membrane junctions?
Tight junctions
Desmosomes
Gap junctions
Tight junctions
impermeable junctions that encircle the cells and bind them together into leakproof sheets such as in small intestine
Desmosomes
anchoring junctions scattered along the sides of adjacent cells and preventing cells from being pulled apart when under mechanical stress
Gap Junctions
function to allow communication; neighboring cells connected by hollow cylinders composed of proteins called connexons; found in the heart
What is the process in which molecules move away from concentrated areas to less concentrated areas?
Diffusion
Faster diffusion occurs…
when the difference between the concentration gradient is large
Simple diffusion
lipid-soluble solutes pass directly through the phospholipid bilayer
Diffusion of water through aquaporin
Osmosis
Facilitated diffusion (channel protein)
Diffusion through a channel protein (mostly ions selected on basis of size and charge)
Facilitated diffusion (carrier protein)
Diffusion via a protein carrier specific for one chemical; binding of substrate causes shape to change in transport protein
Filtration
process by which water and solutes are forced through a membrane by fluid or hydrostatic pressure; passive process
Exocytosis
mechanisms used by cells o actively secrete hormones or eject cellular waste
Using ATP-requiring process to engulf extracellular substances
Endocytosis
Involves help from ATP to fuse or separate membrane vesicles and the cell membrane, moves substances into or out of the cell in “bulk”
Vesicular transport
Phagocytosis
when the engulfed substances are relatively large particles, such as bacteria or dead body cells, and the cell separates them from the external environment by pseudopods.
Fibroblast cells
has elongated shape (secretes cable-like fibers)
has abundant rough ER and Golgi
Erythrocyte cells
red blood cells; carries oxygen in the blood
biconcave disc for extra surface area to carry O2
Cells that cover and line body organs; hexagonal in shape
Epithelial cells
Skeletal, cardiac, smooth muscle cells
cells that move organ/body parts; elongate and full of contractile microfilaments
Cells that stores nutrients with a huge spherical shape
Fat cells
A macrophage to fight disease; has pseudopods(false feet)
White blood cells
What are the 4 types of tissues?
Epithelial, Connective, Nervous, Muscle
Which tissue is avascular and serves as a protector, absorber, secretor, and filter?
Epithelial tissue
Describe each shape’s function: squamous, cuboidal/columnar, transitional
Squamous: diffusion and filtration; secretion for one layer
Cuboidal/Columnar: secretion and absorption; propels mucus or reproductive cells for one layer
Transitional: protection; in multiple layers
Exocrine vs Endocrine glands
Exocrine: secretes onto external surfaces or into internal passageways connecting to exterior
Endocrine: secrete into interstitial fluid for distribution in the bloodstream
Connective Tissue
Fills internal space and provides structural support; stores energy; well vascularized
3 types of loose connective tissue
areolar (tissue fluid where waste is released and soak up excess fluid)
adipose (fat globules predominate; insulate and protect; sites of fuel storage)
reticular (supports lymphoid organs; network of fibers)
Considered a connective tissue surrounded by a nonliving fluid matrix (plasma)
vascular tissue (blood tissue)
Contracts to produce active movement; highly irratable
Muscle tissue
3 types of muscle tissue
skeletal, cardiac, smooth
Muscles that have intercalated discs with gap functions to allow ion passage; has striations
Cardiac muscle
Visceral muscle
smooth muscle; found in walls of hollow organs; peristalsis activity
Tissue Injury Timeline
- Inflammation
- Granulation tissue formation
- Regeneration and fibrosis effect
Stage of clotting proteins and blood; walled-off area to prevent bacteria from entering
Inflammation
Stage where epithelium begins to regenerate under the scab which is detached
Regeneration
Granulation tissue
Delicate pink tissue composed of new capillaries that grow into damaged area
Neoplasm
Abnormal mass of proliferating cells
Produce oxidative damage in lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids –> wrinkled skin, stiff joints, hardened arteries
Free radicals
