Cells and Tissues

Question 1

What is the Cell Theory?

Answer 1

The cell is the basic structural and functional unit of living organisms; the activity of the organism depends on the collective activities of the cell.

Question 2

Biochemical activities/function of the cell are dictated by their structure

Answer 2

Principle of complementarity

Question 3

Groups of cell that are similar in structure and function

Answer 3

Tissues

Question 4

What are the 4 main elements that cells are composed of?

Answer 4

CHON
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen

Question 5

Pinocytosis

Answer 5

cells that are thirsty; need to bring fluid into the cells

Question 6

The three main parts of the cell

Answer 6

the plasma membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm

Question 7

What are proteins responsible for in the membrane?

Answer 7

Specialized functions like receptors, transport, and some enzymes

Question 8

3 ways that cells are bound together

Answer 8

Glycoproteins in the glycocalyx act as an adhesive/cellular glue
Wavy contours of membranes of adjacent cells fit together
Special cell membrane junctions are formed

Question 9

What are the 3 types of membrane junctions?

Answer 9

Tight junctions
Desmosomes
Gap junctions

Question 10

Tight junctions

Answer 10

impermeable junctions that encircle the cells and bind them together into leakproof sheets such as in small intestine

Question 11

Desmosomes

Answer 11

anchoring junctions scattered along the sides of adjacent cells and preventing cells from being pulled apart when under mechanical stress

Question 12

Gap Junctions

Answer 12

function to allow communication; neighboring cells connected by hollow cylinders composed of proteins called connexons; found in the heart

Question 13

What is the process in which molecules move away from concentrated areas to less concentrated areas?

Answer 13

Diffusion

Question 14

Faster diffusion occurs…

Answer 14

when the difference between the concentration gradient is large

Question 15

Simple diffusion

Answer 15

lipid-soluble solutes pass directly through the phospholipid bilayer

Question 16

Diffusion of water through aquaporin

Answer 16

Osmosis

Question 17

Facilitated diffusion (channel protein)

Answer 17

Diffusion through a channel protein (mostly ions selected on basis of size and charge)

Question 18

Facilitated diffusion (carrier protein)

Answer 18

Diffusion via a protein carrier specific for one chemical; binding of substrate causes shape to change in transport protein

Question 19

Filtration

Answer 19

process by which water and solutes are forced through a membrane by fluid or hydrostatic pressure; passive process

Question 20

Exocytosis

Answer 20

mechanisms used by cells o actively secrete hormones or eject cellular waste

Question 21

Using ATP-requiring process to engulf extracellular substances

Answer 21

Endocytosis

Question 22

Involves help from ATP to fuse or separate membrane vesicles and the cell membrane, moves substances into or out of the cell in “bulk”

Answer 22

Vesicular transport

Question 23

Phagocytosis

Answer 23

when the engulfed substances are relatively large particles, such as bacteria or dead body cells, and the cell separates them from the external environment by pseudopods.

Question 24

Fibroblast cells

Answer 24

has elongated shape (secretes cable-like fibers)
has abundant rough ER and Golgi

Question 25

Erythrocyte cells

Answer 25

red blood cells; carries oxygen in the blood biconcave disc for extra surface area to carry O2

Question 26

Cells that cover and line body organs; hexagonal in shape

Answer 26

Epithelial cells

Question 27

Skeletal, cardiac, smooth muscle cells

Answer 27

cells that move organ/body parts; elongate and full of contractile microfilaments

Question 28

Cells that stores nutrients with a huge spherical shape

Answer 28

Fat cells

Question 29

A macrophage to fight disease; has pseudopods(false feet)

Answer 29

White blood cells

Question 30

What are the 4 types of tissues?

Answer 30

Epithelial, Connective, Nervous, Muscle

Question 31

Which tissue is avascular and serves as a protector, absorber, secretor, and filter?

Answer 31

Epithelial tissue

Question 32

Describe each shape's function: squamous, cuboidal/columnar, transitional

Answer 32

Squamous: diffusion and filtration; secretion for one layer Cuboidal/Columnar: secretion and absorption; propels mucus or reproductive cells for one layer Transitional: protection; in multiple layers

Question 33

Exocrine vs Endocrine glands

Answer 33

Exocrine: secretes onto external surfaces or into internal passageways connecting to exterior Endocrine: secrete into interstitial fluid for distribution in the bloodstream

Question 34

Connective Tissue

Answer 34

Fills internal space and provides structural support; stores energy; well vascularized

Question 35

3 types of loose connective tissue

Answer 35

areolar (tissue fluid where waste is released and soak up excess fluid) adipose (fat globules predominate; insulate and protect; sites of fuel storage) reticular (supports lymphoid organs; network of fibers)

Question 36

Considered a connective tissue surrounded by a nonliving fluid matrix (plasma)

Answer 36

vascular tissue (blood tissue)

Question 37

Contracts to produce active movement; highly irratable

Answer 37

Muscle tissue

Question 38

3 types of muscle tissue

Answer 38

skeletal, cardiac, smooth

Question 39

Muscles that have intercalated discs with gap functions to allow ion passage; has striations

Answer 39

Cardiac muscle

Question 40

Visceral muscle

Answer 40

smooth muscle; found in walls of hollow organs; peristalsis activity

Question 41

Tissue Injury Timeline

Answer 41

1. Inflammation 2. Granulation tissue formation 3. Regeneration and fibrosis effect

Question 42

Stage of clotting proteins and blood; walled-off area to prevent bacteria from entering

Answer 42

Inflammation

Question 43

Stage where epithelium begins to regenerate under the scab which is detached

Answer 43

Regeneration

Question 44

Granulation tissue

Answer 44

Delicate pink tissue composed of new capillaries that grow into damaged area

Question 45

Neoplasm

Answer 45

Abnormal mass of proliferating cells

Question 46

Produce oxidative damage in lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids --> wrinkled skin, stiff joints, hardened arteries

Answer 46

Free radicals