Term test 1 Flashcards by Connor Stewart

Physiology definition

The study of the function of body parts

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what is the sequence of the levels of structural organization

1: Chemical level
2: cellular level
3: Tissue level
4: organ level
5: organ system level
6: organismal level

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what is chemical level

Atoms, molecules, and organelles

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what is cellular level

single cell

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what is tissue level

groups of similar cells

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what is organ level

contains 2 or more types of tissues

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what is organ system level

organs that work closely together

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what is organismal level

all organ systems combined to make a whole organismw

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what is the integumentary system

skin
prevents water loss and prevention of germs

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what is the skeletal system

Provides a rigid framework to support the body and store minerals

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what is muscular system

provides the force to move bones and their joint

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what is the nervous system

responds to environmental changes by transmitting electrical impulses

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what is the endocrine system

glands and hormones

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what is the cardiovascular system

heart, veins, arteries

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what is the lymphatic/ immune system

WBC + lymph nodes

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what is the respiratory system

lungs

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what is the digestive system

stomach + intestines

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what is the urinary system

Bladder + kidneys

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what is a negative feedback

the most common form of feedback in the body
reduces or shuts down original stimulus
EX: regulation of blood pressure

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what is a positive feedback

increases original stimulus
EX: platelet blood formation for blood clotting

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what direction is superior

closer to the top of the head

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what direction is Inferior

closer to the toes

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what is anterior

face forwards

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what is posterior

back forwardswh

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what is medial

towards the midline

what is lateral

away from the midline

what is distal

(when referring to the limbs) downwards

what is proximal

(when referring to the limbs) upwards

what is axial

everything but the limbs

what is appendicular

the limbs

what does the sagittal plane divide the body into

left and right portions

what does the frontal/coronal plane divide the body into

anterior and posterior parts (front and back

what does transverse plane divide the body into

divides the body horizontally into superior and inferior parts (top and bottom)

give the steps for homeostatic control systems

1: Stimulus produces change in variable 2: Receptor detects change 3: Input: information sent along afferent pathway to control centre 4: output: information sent along efferent pathway to effector 5: Response of effector feeds back to reduce the effect of stimulus and returns variable to homeostatic level

how many types of tissue are in the body

what are the 4 types pf tissue in the body

epithelial, muscle, connective and nervous

what 4 elements make up 96% of the body

Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen

what is an ionic bond

a complete transfer of electrons

what is a polar covalent bond

an unequal sharing of electrons

what is a nonpolar covalent bond

an equal sharing of electrons

what is a hydrogen bond

A type of bond important in tying different parts of the same molecule together in a three-dimensional structure

what are the 3 parts that make up an atom

- protons - neutrons - electrons

what is an Ion

atom that have gained or lost electrons and become charged

what is a cation

Atom that lost one or more electron (positively charged ion)

what is an anion

Atom that gained one or more electrons (negatively charged Ion)

what are the properties of water

- high heat capacity - high heat vaporization ( demonstrated when we sweat) - reactivity - cushioning - polar covalent properties

what is pH

measurement of concentration of hydrogen ions [H+] in a solution

what happens when you mix an acidic and basic solution

water and salt

what can speed up a chemical reaction

- Higher temperatures - high concentrations - smaller particles - Catalysts

what is an electrolyte

an acid or a base

what is an organic compound

a compound that contains carbon

what is an inorganic compound

a compound that does not contain carbon

what are the 2 compounds that contain carbon but are inorganic

- carbon dioxide - carbo monoxide

what is the most common monosaccharide in the body

glucose

what are the 4 units of protein structures

Primary, Secondary (alpha + beta), tertiary, quintenary

what is the primary unit of protein structure

linear sequence of amino acids

what is the secondary unit of protein structure

Secondary: how primary amino acids interact with each other Alpha (α) helix coils resemble a spring Beta (β) pleated sheets resemble accordion ribbons

what is tertiary unit of protein structure

how secondary structures interact

what is the quintenary unit of protein structure

how 2 or more different polypeptides interact with each other

What are the smallest building blockers or units for proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleotides?

- Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) - Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

what is the structure of DNA

Double-stranded helical molecule

what are the 4 nitrogen bases that are part of the nucleotide structure in DNA

- Purines: adenine (A), guanine (G) - Pyrimidines: cytosine (C) and thymine (T)

how do the Nitrogen bases pair together

- A+T - G+C

what does ATP stand for

adenosine triphosphate

how many phosphates are in ATP

what does ADP stand for

adenosine diphosphate