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Anatomy and Physiology > Term test 1 > Flashcards

Term test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Physiology definition

A

The study of the function of body parts

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2
Q

what is the sequence of the levels of structural organization

A

1: Chemical level
2: cellular level
3: Tissue level
4: organ level
5: organ system level
6: organismal level

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3
Q

what is chemical level

A

Atoms, molecules, and organelles

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4
Q

what is cellular level

A

single cell

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5
Q

what is tissue level

A

groups of similar cells

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6
Q

what is organ level

A

contains 2 or more types of tissues

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7
Q

what is organ system level

A

organs that work closely together

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8
Q

what is organismal level

A

all organ systems combined to make a whole organismw

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9
Q

what is the integumentary system

A
  • skin
  • prevents water loss and prevention of germs
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10
Q

what is the skeletal system

A

Provides a rigid framework to support the body and store minerals

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11
Q

what is muscular system

A

provides the force to move bones and their joint

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12
Q

what is the nervous system

A

responds to environmental changes by transmitting electrical impulses

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13
Q

what is the endocrine system

A

glands and hormones

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14
Q

what is the cardiovascular system

A

heart, veins, arteries

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15
Q

what is the lymphatic/ immune system

A

WBC + lymph nodes

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16
Q

what is the respiratory system

A

lungs

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17
Q

what is the digestive system

A

stomach + intestines

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18
Q

what is the urinary system

A

Bladder + kidneys

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19
Q

what is a negative feedback

A
  • the most common form of feedback in the body
  • reduces or shuts down original stimulus
  • EX: regulation of blood pressure
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20
Q

what is a positive feedback

A
  • increases original stimulus
  • EX: platelet blood formation for blood clotting
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21
Q

what direction is superior

A

closer to the top of the head

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22
Q

what direction is Inferior

A

closer to the toes

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23
Q

what is anterior

A

face forwards

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24
Q

what is posterior

A

back forwardswh

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25
Q

what is medial

A

towards the midline

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26
Q

what is lateral

A

away from the midline

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27
Q

what is distal

A

(when referring to the limbs) downwards

28
Q

what is proximal

A

(when referring to the limbs) upwards

29
Q

what is axial

A

everything but the limbs

30
Q

what is appendicular

A

the limbs

31
Q

what does the sagittal plane divide the body into

A

left and right portions

32
Q

what does the frontal/coronal plane divide the body into

A

anterior and posterior parts (front and back

33
Q

what does transverse plane divide the body into

A

divides the body horizontally into superior and inferior parts (top and bottom)

34
Q

give the steps for homeostatic control systems

A

1: Stimulus produces change in variable
2: Receptor detects change
3: Input: information sent along afferent pathway to control centre
4: output: information sent along efferent pathway to effector
5: Response of effector feeds back to reduce the effect of stimulus and returns variable to homeostatic level

35
Q

how many types of tissue are in the body

A

4

36
Q

what are the 4 types pf tissue in the body

A

epithelial, muscle, connective and nervous

37
Q

what 4 elements make up 96% of the body

A

Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen

38
Q

what is an ionic bond

A

a complete transfer of electrons

39
Q

what is a polar covalent bond

A

an unequal sharing of electrons

40
Q

what is a nonpolar covalent bond

A

an equal sharing of electrons

41
Q

what is a hydrogen bond

A

A type of bond important in tying different parts of the same molecule together in a three-dimensional structure

42
Q

what are the 3 parts that make up an atom

A
  • protons
  • neutrons
  • electrons
43
Q

what is an Ion

A

atom that have gained or lost electrons and become charged

44
Q

what is a cation

A

Atom that lost one or more electron (positively charged ion)

45
Q

what is an anion

A

Atom that gained one or more electrons (negatively charged Ion)

46
Q

what are the properties of water

A
  • high heat capacity
  • high heat vaporization ( demonstrated when we sweat)
  • reactivity
  • cushioning
  • polar covalent properties
47
Q

what is pH

A

measurement of concentration of hydrogen ions [H+] in a solution

48
Q

what happens when you mix an acidic and basic solution

A

water and salt

49
Q

what can speed up a chemical reaction

A
  • Higher temperatures
  • high concentrations
  • smaller particles
  • Catalysts
50
Q

what is an electrolyte

A

an acid or a base

51
Q

what is an organic compound

A

a compound that contains carbon

52
Q

what is an inorganic compound

A

a compound that does not contain carbon

53
Q

what are the 2 compounds that contain carbon but are inorganic

A
  • carbon dioxide
  • carbo monoxide
54
Q

what is the most common monosaccharide in the body

A

glucose

55
Q

what are the 4 units of protein structures

A

Primary, Secondary (alpha + beta), tertiary, quintenary

56
Q

what is the primary unit of protein structure

A

linear sequence of amino acids

57
Q

what is the secondary unit of protein structure

A

Secondary: how primary amino acids interact with each other

Alpha (α) helix coils resemble a spring
Beta (β) pleated sheets resemble accordion ribbons

58
Q

what is tertiary unit of protein structure

A

how secondary structures interact

59
Q

what is the quintenary unit of protein structure

A

how 2 or more different polypeptides interact with each other

60
Q

What are the smallest building blockers or units for proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleotides?

A
  • Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
  • Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
61
Q

what is the structure of DNA

A

Double-stranded helical molecule

62
Q

what are the 4 nitrogen bases that are part of the nucleotide structure in DNA

A
  • Purines: adenine (A), guanine (G)
  • Pyrimidines: cytosine (C) and thymine (T)
63
Q

how do the Nitrogen bases pair together

A
  • A+T
  • G+C
64
Q

what does ATP stand for

A

adenosine triphosphate

65
Q

how many phosphates are in ATP

A

3

66
Q

what does ADP stand for

A

adenosine diphosphate

67
Q
A

Anatomy and Physiology (6 decks)

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