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Anatomy and Physiology > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

name the 5 layers of the epidermis from most superficial to deepest

A

1: Stratum Corneum
2: Stratum Lucidum
3: Stratum Granulosum
4: Stratum Spinosum
5: Stratum Basale

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2
Q

what’s the stratum Basale layer of the epidermis responsible for

A

cell division and replacement

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3
Q

whats the stratum spinosum layer responsible for

A
  • several layers thick
  • contain weblike systems of pre-keratin filaments attached to desmosomes
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4
Q

whats the stratum granulosum layer

A

and thin layer made of 1-5 layers of flat cells

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5
Q

whats the stratum lucidium layer

A

found only on parts with thick skin

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6
Q

whats the stratum corneum layer

A

keratinaized dead cells to protect deeper layers form abrasion and prevent water loss

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7
Q

what are the layers of the skin in order

A

epidermis, dermis, hypodermis

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8
Q

what is keratin

A

a protein that gives skin connective properties

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9
Q

the epidermis is vascular. True or False

A

False. It is avascular

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10
Q

the dermis is vascular. true or false

A

TRUE

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11
Q

what does the dermis contain

A
  • Nerves
  • Blood vessles
  • lymph vessles
  • hair follicles
  • oil glands
  • sweat glands
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12
Q

what is the hypodermis layer

A

the depest layer that contains superficial fascia

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13
Q

what is secreted by the sebatious glands

A

sebum

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14
Q

what is secreted by the eccrine sweat glands

A

sweat

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15
Q

what are the 2 types of sweat glands

A
  • Eccrine (merocrine)
  • Apocrine
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16
Q

where are apocrine sweat glands

A

axillary and anogenital area

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17
Q

what is striae

A

“stretch marks”. dermal tears that cause white silvery scars

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18
Q

what are the functions of the skin

A
  • Protection
  • Body temperature regulation
  • Cutaneous sensations
  • Metabolic functions - skin can synthesize vitamin D needed for calcium absorption in intestine
  • Blood reservoir
  • Excretion of wastes
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19
Q

where is compact bone found

A

outmost layer of bone

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20
Q

where is the epiphyseal line found

A

hyaline cartilage found at the ends of long bone

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21
Q

where is yellow bone marrow found

A

the cavities of long bones

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22
Q

how is osteoporosis classified

A

bone matrix is normal, bone mass decreases

23
Q

how is osteomalacia (rickets) classified

A

poor mineralization of bones causing soft, weak bones

24
Q

how is pagets disease classified

A

Excessive and haphazard bone deposit and resorption cause bone to grow fast and develop poorly

25
Q

what are the functions of bones

A
  • support
  • mineral and growth factor storage
  • hematopoiesis
26
Q

what is the function of hematopoiesis

A

formation of blood cells within the red bone marrow cavities

27
Q

what makes an osteon

A
  • Osteocytes
  • central canal (in the centre)
  • several rings of bone matrix called lamellae
28
Q

what is inside the haversian central canal

A

blood vessles and nerve fibers

29
Q

what is the purpose of canaliculi

A

provides nutrients and remove waste from osteocytes in compact bone

30
Q

what is the purpose of osteoblasts

A

Bone-forming cells that secrete unmineralized bone matrix called osteoid

31
Q

what is the purpose of osteoclasts

A

bone resorption (breakdown of bone)

32
Q

whats part of the appendicular skeleton

A

arms and legs

33
Q

where is endomysium found

A

fine areolar connective tissue surrounding each muscle fiber or cell

34
Q

whats in the I band

A

lighter regions

35
Q

whats in the H zone

A

lighter region in middle of dark A band, contains thick filaments

36
Q

whats in the A bands

A

dark regions, thick and thin filaments

37
Q

whats in the Z disk

A

sheet of proteins, end of thick (myosin) filaments

38
Q

whats in the M line

A

bisects H zone vertically

39
Q

what are the functions of tropomyosin and troponin in thin filament

A

Tropomyosin and troponin: regulatory proteins bound to actin

40
Q

what is the function of the sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

Stores and releases Ca2+

41
Q

what activates synaptic vesicles in the axon terminal to fuse with the plasma membrane

A

calcium

42
Q

what is the neuromuscular junction

A

where the axon of a motor neuron connects with the muscle fibers

43
Q

what is a synapse

A

a gel-filled space between axon terminals

44
Q

where are synaptic vesicles

A

inside axon terminals

45
Q

what is stored inside synaptic vesicles

A

neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh)

46
Q

what is released by the axon terminal

A

Acetylcholine

47
Q

what is the purpse of acetylcholinesterase

A

degrades or breaks down Ach into building blockers

48
Q

what goes through the neurotransmiter gate

A

Na+ (sodium)

49
Q

list the strps for cross bridge cylcing

A

1: Cross bridge formation: high-energy myosin head attaches to actin thin filament active site

2: Working (power) stroke: myosin head pivots and pulls thin filament toward M line

3: Cross bridge detachment: ATP attaches to myosin head, causing cross bridge to detach

4: Cocking of myosin head: energy from hydrolysis of ATP “cocks” myosin head into high-energy state
This energy will be used for power stroke in next cross bridge cycle

50
Q

what are the isometric contractions

A

no shortening; muscle tension increases but does not exceed load

51
Q

what are isotonic contractions

A

muscle shortens because muscle tension exceeds load; changes in length and moves the load

52
Q

what is an eccentric contraction

A

muscle lengthens and generates force
Example: laying a book down causes biceps to lengthen while generating a force

53
Q
A

Anatomy and Physiology (6 decks)

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