Final Exam Flashcards by Connor Stewart

name the 5 layers of the epidermis from most superficial to deepest

1: Stratum Corneum
2: Stratum Lucidum
3: Stratum Granulosum
4: Stratum Spinosum
5: Stratum Basale

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what’s the stratum Basale layer of the epidermis responsible for

cell division and replacement

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whats the stratum spinosum layer responsible for

several layers thick
contain weblike systems of pre-keratin filaments attached to desmosomes

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whats the stratum granulosum layer

and thin layer made of 1-5 layers of flat cells

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whats the stratum lucidium layer

found only on parts with thick skin

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whats the stratum corneum layer

keratinaized dead cells to protect deeper layers form abrasion and prevent water loss

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what are the layers of the skin in order

epidermis, dermis, hypodermis

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what is keratin

a protein that gives skin connective properties

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the epidermis is vascular. True or False

False. It is avascular

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the dermis is vascular. true or false

TRUE

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what does the dermis contain

Nerves
Blood vessles
lymph vessles
hair follicles
oil glands
sweat glands

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what is the hypodermis layer

the depest layer that contains superficial fascia

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what is secreted by the sebatious glands

sebum

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what is secreted by the eccrine sweat glands

sweat

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what are the 2 types of sweat glands

Eccrine (merocrine)
Apocrine

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where are apocrine sweat glands

axillary and anogenital area

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what is striae

“stretch marks”. dermal tears that cause white silvery scars

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what are the functions of the skin

Protection
Body temperature regulation
Cutaneous sensations
Metabolic functions - skin can synthesize vitamin D needed for calcium absorption in intestine
Blood reservoir
Excretion of wastes

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where is compact bone found

outmost layer of bone

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where is the epiphyseal line found

hyaline cartilage found at the ends of long bone

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where is yellow bone marrow found

the cavities of long bones

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how is osteoporosis classified

bone matrix is normal, bone mass decreases

how is osteomalacia (rickets) classified

poor mineralization of bones causing soft, weak bones

how is pagets disease classified

Excessive and haphazard bone deposit and resorption cause bone to grow fast and develop poorly

what are the functions of bones

- support - mineral and growth factor storage - hematopoiesis

what is the function of hematopoiesis

formation of blood cells within the red bone marrow cavities

what makes an osteon

- Osteocytes - central canal (in the centre) - several rings of bone matrix called lamellae

what is inside the haversian central canal

blood vessles and nerve fibers

what is the purpose of canaliculi

provides nutrients and remove waste from osteocytes in compact bone

what is the purpose of osteoblasts

Bone-forming cells that secrete unmineralized bone matrix called osteoid

what is the purpose of osteoclasts

bone resorption (breakdown of bone)

whats part of the appendicular skeleton

arms and legs

where is endomysium found

fine areolar connective tissue surrounding each muscle fiber or cell

whats in the I band

lighter regions

whats in the H zone

lighter region in middle of dark A band, contains thick filaments

whats in the A bands

dark regions, thick and thin filaments

whats in the Z disk

sheet of proteins, end of thick (myosin) filaments

whats in the M line

bisects H zone vertically

what are the functions of tropomyosin and troponin in thin filament

Tropomyosin and troponin: regulatory proteins bound to actin

what is the function of the sarcoplasmic reticulum

Stores and releases Ca2+

what activates synaptic vesicles in the axon terminal to fuse with the plasma membrane

calcium

what is the neuromuscular junction

where the axon of a motor neuron connects with the muscle fibers

what is a synapse

a gel-filled space between axon terminals

where are synaptic vesicles

inside axon terminals

what is stored inside synaptic vesicles

neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh)

what is released by the axon terminal

Acetylcholine

what is the purpse of acetylcholinesterase

degrades or breaks down Ach into building blockers

what goes through the neurotransmiter gate

Na+ (sodium)

list the strps for cross bridge cylcing

1: Cross bridge formation: high-energy myosin head attaches to actin thin filament active site 2: Working (power) stroke: myosin head pivots and pulls thin filament toward M line 3: Cross bridge detachment: ATP attaches to myosin head, causing cross bridge to detach 4: Cocking of myosin head: energy from hydrolysis of ATP “cocks” myosin head into high-energy state This energy will be used for power stroke in next cross bridge cycle

what are the isometric contractions

no shortening; muscle tension increases but does not exceed load

what are isotonic contractions

muscle shortens because muscle tension exceeds load; changes in length and moves the load

what is an eccentric contraction

muscle lengthens and generates force Example: laying a book down causes biceps to lengthen while generating a force