Final Exam

Question 1

name the 5 layers of the epidermis from most superficial to deepest

Answer 1

1: Stratum Corneum
2: Stratum Lucidum
3: Stratum Granulosum
4: Stratum Spinosum
5: Stratum Basale

Question 2

what’s the stratum Basale layer of the epidermis responsible for

Answer 2

cell division and replacement

Question 3

whats the stratum spinosum layer responsible for

Answer 3

• several layers thick
• contain weblike systems of pre-keratin filaments attached to desmosomes

Question 4

whats the stratum granulosum layer

Answer 4

and thin layer made of 1-5 layers of flat cells

Question 5

whats the stratum lucidium layer

Answer 5

found only on parts with thick skin

Question 6

whats the stratum corneum layer

Answer 6

keratinaized dead cells to protect deeper layers form abrasion and prevent water loss

Question 7

what are the layers of the skin in order

Answer 7

epidermis, dermis, hypodermis

Question 8

what is keratin

Answer 8

a protein that gives skin connective properties

Question 9

the epidermis is vascular. True or False

Answer 9

False. It is avascular

Question 10

the dermis is vascular. true or false

Answer 10

TRUE

Question 11

what does the dermis contain

Answer 11

• Nerves
• Blood vessles
• lymph vessles
• hair follicles
• oil glands
• sweat glands

Question 12

what is the hypodermis layer

Answer 12

the depest layer that contains superficial fascia

Question 13

what is secreted by the sebatious glands

Answer 13

sebum

Question 14

what is secreted by the eccrine sweat glands

Answer 14

sweat

Question 15

what are the 2 types of sweat glands

Answer 15

• Eccrine (merocrine)
• Apocrine

Question 16

where are apocrine sweat glands

Answer 16

axillary and anogenital area

Question 17

what is striae

Answer 17

“stretch marks”. dermal tears that cause white silvery scars

Question 18

what are the functions of the skin

Answer 18

• Protection
• Body temperature regulation
• Cutaneous sensations
• Metabolic functions - skin can synthesize vitamin D needed for calcium absorption in intestine
• Blood reservoir
• Excretion of wastes

Question 19

where is compact bone found

Answer 19

outmost layer of bone

Question 20

where is the epiphyseal line found

Answer 20

hyaline cartilage found at the ends of long bone

Question 21

where is yellow bone marrow found

Answer 21

the cavities of long bones

Question 22

how is osteoporosis classified

Answer 22

bone matrix is normal, bone mass decreases

Question 23

how is osteomalacia (rickets) classified

Answer 23

poor mineralization of bones causing soft, weak bones

Question 24

how is pagets disease classified

Answer 24

Excessive and haphazard bone deposit and resorption cause bone to grow fast and develop poorly

Question 25

what are the functions of bones

Answer 25

• support
• mineral and growth factor storage
• hematopoiesis

Question 26

what is the function of hematopoiesis

Answer 26

formation of blood cells within the red bone marrow cavities

Question 27

what makes an osteon

Answer 27

• Osteocytes
• central canal (in the centre)
• several rings of bone matrix called lamellae

Question 28

what is inside the haversian central canal

Answer 28

blood vessles and nerve fibers

Question 29

what is the purpose of canaliculi

Answer 29

provides nutrients and remove waste from osteocytes in compact bone

Question 30

what is the purpose of osteoblasts

Answer 30

Bone-forming cells that secrete unmineralized bone matrix called osteoid

Question 31

what is the purpose of osteoclasts

Answer 31

bone resorption (breakdown of bone)

Question 32

whats part of the appendicular skeleton

Answer 32

arms and legs

Question 33

where is endomysium found

Answer 33

fine areolar connective tissue surrounding each muscle fiber or cell

Question 34

whats in the I band

Answer 34

lighter regions

Question 35

whats in the H zone

Answer 35

lighter region in middle of dark A band, contains thick filaments

Question 36

whats in the A bands

Answer 36

dark regions, thick and thin filaments

Question 37

whats in the Z disk

Answer 37

sheet of proteins, end of thick (myosin) filaments

Question 38

whats in the M line

Answer 38

bisects H zone vertically

Question 39

what are the functions of tropomyosin and troponin in thin filament

Answer 39

Tropomyosin and troponin: regulatory proteins bound to actin

Question 40

what is the function of the sarcoplasmic reticulum

Answer 40

Stores and releases Ca2+

Question 41

what activates synaptic vesicles in the axon terminal to fuse with the plasma membrane

Answer 41

calcium

Question 42

what is the neuromuscular junction

Answer 42

where the axon of a motor neuron connects with the muscle fibers

Question 43

what is a synapse

Answer 43

a gel-filled space between axon terminals

Question 44

where are synaptic vesicles

Answer 44

inside axon terminals

Question 45

what is stored inside synaptic vesicles

Answer 45

neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh)

Question 46

what is released by the axon terminal

Answer 46

Acetylcholine

Question 47

what is the purpse of acetylcholinesterase

Answer 47

degrades or breaks down Ach into building blockers

Question 48

what goes through the neurotransmiter gate

Answer 48

Na+ (sodium)

Question 49

list the strps for cross bridge cylcing

Answer 49

1: Cross bridge formation: high-energy myosin head attaches to actin thin filament active site

2: Working (power) stroke: myosin head pivots and pulls thin filament toward M line

3: Cross bridge detachment: ATP attaches to myosin head, causing cross bridge to detach

4: Cocking of myosin head: energy from hydrolysis of ATP “cocks” myosin head into high-energy state
This energy will be used for power stroke in next cross bridge cycle

Question 50

what are the isometric contractions

Answer 50

no shortening; muscle tension increases but does not exceed load

Question 51

what are isotonic contractions

Answer 51

muscle shortens because muscle tension exceeds load; changes in length and moves the load

Question 52

what is an eccentric contraction

Answer 52

muscle lengthens and generates force
Example: laying a book down causes biceps to lengthen while generating a force