Term 3 Anatomy Flashcards
Name the main parts of the thoracic vertebra
Body Demi facets for ribs Pedicles Lamina TP’s With facets for ribs SP Superior and inferior articulating facets
List six features of a male pelvis which distinguishes it from a female pelvis
MALE PELVIS Pelvis tilted more posteriorly Ilium deeper above SI joint Sacrum narrower & longer ASIS closer, less flared Pelvic inlet heart shaped Pubic symphysis taller Obturator foramen oval Pubic arch 90 degrees or less
Outline the structure of an intervertebral disc
Annulus Fibrosis (AL) Nucleus Pulposus (NP) Connects vertebral bodies
Describe the glenohumeral joint by naming the features of the bones that form the
articulations (1.5 marks), describing the fibrous capsular attachments (1.5 marks), naming
the intracapsular structures (1 marks), and naming the extra capsular muscles (rotator cuff)
including their insertional (distal) attachments (4 marks).
Head of the humerus with the glenoid fossa of the scapula.
Capsule attaches to the rim of the glenoid, the neck of the humerus and is loose
inferiorly.
Glenoid labrum, long head of the biceps tendon
Suprasinatus to the greater tubercle
Infraspinatus to the greater tubercle
Teres minor to the greater tubercle
Subscapularis to the lesser tubercle
Identify the features of the first and second cervical vertebra (C1 & C2) which make
them atypical vertebra.
C1 Ring of bone No Body No IVD No SP Lateral masses Articulations for C2 and occiput C2 Odontoid process – Dens, “peg” Has bifid SP
List the anatomical features of the ethmoid bone.
Lateral masses Orbital plate Ethmoid air cells Superior & middle nasal conchae Perpendicular plate Cribriform plate Olfactory foramen Crista galli
Name the two parts of the temporal bone which house auditory meati
Tympanic portion
Petrous portion
Describe the glenohumeral joint by naming the features of the bones that form the articulations (1.5 marks),
• Head of the humerus with the glenoid fossa of the scapula.
Describe the glenohumeral joint by describing the fibrous capsular attachments (1.5 marks), naming the intracapsular structures (1 marks), and naming the extra capsular muscles (rotator cuff) including their insertional (distal) attachments (4 marks)
- Capsule attaches to the rim of the glenoid, the neck of the humerus and is loose inferiorly.
- Glenoid labrum, long head of the biceps tendon
- Suprasinatus to the greater tubercle
- Infraspinatus to the greater tubercle
- Teres Minor to the greater tubercle
- Subscapularis to the lesser tubercle
Describe the cause (mechanisms) of anterior dislocation of the shoulder
- a combination of abduction and extension, with a posteriorly directed force applied to the arm;
- the humeral head is driven anteriorly, tearing the shoulder capsule, detaching the labrum from the glenoid, producing a compression fracture of the humeral head
Name and describe the specific traumatic fractures associated with anterior dislocation of the shoulder
Hill Sachs Lesion
Posterolateral humeral head indentation fracture is created as a result of the soft base of the humeral head impacting against the relatively hard anterior glenoid rim
Bankart Lesion
This is an avulsion of the anteroinferior glenoid labrum at its attachment to IGHL complex, when the Bankart lesion occurs, there is obligatory concomitant capsular disruption, with stretching or elongation of the IGHL;
Describe the location and pattern of the most common fracture of the clavicle
- fractures usually occur in the middle third &
- tends to have upward displacement of the medial fragment produced by the sternocleidomastoid muscle.
- the lateral fragment is pulled downward under the weight of the limb;
Plain film radiographs reveal the humeral head in the sub glenoid position.
Anterior dislocation of the shoulder
A 13 year old female is referred for spinal x rays following the identification of a slight lateral curve in her thoracic spine during a school screening programme.
Differentiate between structural and postural causes of her curve.
Non-structural scoliosis (postural)
small curve that corrects with bending
(0.5 mark for the description, no mark for the name)
Structural scoliosis – does not correct with bending, thus the deformity is fixed. (1 mark for the description, no mark for the name)
A 13 year old female is referred for spinal x rays following the identification of a slight lateral curve in her thoracic spine during a school screening programme.
Describe the radiographic features of a possible structural cause of her curve, which is congenital in nature and due to failure of the spine to segment properly.(Hint; it’s NOT hemivertebra, which is failure to form)
A diminished AP diameter of the vertebral body
(0.5 mark for each point)
A hypoplastic or rudimentary disc space which may show faint calcification
(0.5 mark for each point)
Possible fusion of the apophyseal joint
(0.5 mark for each point)
Possible malformation or fusion of the spinous processes
(0.5 mark for each point)
If one traces the anterior margin if the vertebral bodies of the involved level, a concavity will be seen due to the decreased AP diameter. It appears like a long “C” with the rudimentary disc appearing as a “wasp” waist.
(3 marks for the overall description of the blocked vertebrae)
In the end, the lateral curve of a 13 year olds spine is considered idiopathic as no congenital, neurological or infectious abnormalities are noted on x ray.
State six clinical manifestations which might be present in this idiopathic adolescent condition
Higher shoulder or
projecting scapula (same side) or
prominent hip (opposite side);
uneven shoulders or
uneven iliac crest,
prominent scapula,
malalignment of spinous processes,
Asymmetry of flanks or thoracic cage;
paraspinal muscle hump when bending forward.
Usually a painless condition
If pain does occur – usually in lumbar area due to pressure by ribs on ilium crest
Shortness of breath due to thoracic deformity
Could affect cardiopulmonary function or
create neurological complications
(0.5 mark each for any six points)
Define the term spondylolisthesis
anterior displacement of the vertebral body in relation to the segment immediately below
State the radiographic appearance of spondylolisthesis
- Lateral view allows the measure of degree of anterolisthesis
- Oblique view will indicate the pathology at the pars interarticularis
- AP view may show L5 body superimposed over the S1 body
A possible structural cause of a 13 year olds curve is congenital in nature and due to failure of the spine to segment properly (Hint; it’s NOT hemivertebra, which is failure to form).
Name the condition and describe its radiographic features.
A diminished AP diameter of the vertebral body
(0.5 mark for each point)
A hypoplastic or rudimentary disc space which may show faint calcification
(0.5 mark for each point)
Possible fusion of the apophyseal joint
(0.5 mark for each point)
Possible malformation or fusion of the spinous processes
(0.5 mark for each point)
If one traces the anterior margin if the vertebral bodies of the involved level, a concavity will be seen due to the decreased AP diameter. It appears like a long “C” with the rudimentary disc appearing as a “wasp” waist.
(3 marks for the overall description of the blocked vertebrae)
- The body of the involved vertebra are a triangular shaped
- The endplates are tapered to a point
- Creating a laterally wedged vertebra
- Disc spaces above and below the site of involvement are normal but
- The endplates are slightly deformed
(Because the exam paper did NOT include the note about hemivertebra, I will accept marks for this congenital anomaly at 1 mark for each point)
A possible structural cause of her curve is congenital in nature and due to failure of the spine to form properly (Hint; it’s NOT blocked vertebra, which is failure to segment).
Name the condition and describe its radiographic features.
- Hemi vertebra (0.5 mark for the name)
- the body of the involved vertebra are a triangular shape
- the endplates are tapered to a point creating a laterally wedged vertebra
- Disc spaces above and below the site of involvement are normal but the endplates are slightly deformed
- If the anomaly is in isolation, there will be an angular scoliosis
- usually appears with multiple congenital anomalies
A 25 year old male is brought into the emergency department following a high speed motor vehicle accident in which he struck his head violently on the dash board. He is bleeding form his nose and ears and his neck is in a brace.
You are requested to x ray his cervical spine and skull. Identify the features of the first and second cervical vertebra (C1 & C2) which make them atypical vertebra.
C1 Ring of bone No Body No IVD No SP Lateral masses Articulations for C2 and occiput C2 Odontoid process – Dens, “peg” Has bifid SP
Name the vertebra which might be involved in a hangman’s fracture?
C2
Describe the radiographic features of a hangman’s fracture
- Prevertebral soft tissue swelling.
(0.5 mark for this point) - Avulsion of anterior inferior corner of C2 associated with rupture of the anterior longitudinal ligament.
(1.5 marks for this concept) - Anterior dislocation of the C2 vertebral body.
- Bilateral C2 pars interarticularis fractures.
(1 mark for the concept of each line)
Describe the radiographic features of a burst fracture
- Compression fracture of the bony ring
- Lateral displacement of the lateral masses of C1
- beyond the margins of the body of C2
(1 mark for the concept of each line)
