Term 1- Lec 3- Carbohydrate & Lipid Flashcards
Suffix of an aldose
-ose
Suffix of a ketose
-ulose. Except Fructose
General formula of a carbohydrate
(CH2O)n
What are 5 C sugars called?
Furanose
What are 6 C sugars called?
Pyranose
How many C’s in Ribose
5 C’s
How many C’s in Glucose
6 C’s
How many C’s in Fructose
6 C’s
How many C’s in Mannose
6 C’s
How many C’s in Galactose
6 C’s
Define Stereoisomer
Molecules that have the same chemical formula, but differ in structure
Define Epimer
Molecules with the same structure that differs only at one C atom
Define enantiomer
Same molecule, but mirror forms. Makes D- and L- configurations.
Which form of sugar enantiomers is most common in humans
D- configuration is most common
Mutarotations
Spontaneous and non-enzymatic rxns of sugars to form rings rather than stay in linear form in solution
Glycation
Addition of a single Glucose molecule in linear form to protein via a non-enzymatic rxn in a non specific manner. Mostly in plasma and interstitial fluid.
Clinical Importance of Glycation
Increased glycation = decreased function of the protein. In chronic hyperglycemia of pt.s with poorly controlled diabetes, glycation is strongly suggested to cause kidney damage and peripheral vascular and cardiovascular isufficiency.
T/F: Glycosylation and Glycation are interchangeable terms
False. Glycosylation is specific and enzymatic while glycation is neither.
Glycosylation
Addition of a polysaccharide or oligosaccharide (3-12 sugars) to proteins, lipids, and other organic molecules. Enzymatic process.
What type of modification is glycosylation in the ER and Golgi?
Glycosylation is a form of co-translational and post-translational modification
Glucuronic Acid (Glucuronate): What is it made from. What is it’s function?
Glucuronic acid/glucuronate is a biologic acidic sugar made from Glucose. Commonly added to hydrophobic molecules in the liver to make those molecules more hydrophilic/polar, thus more soluble and excretable from the body.
Amino(1) and N-Acelated(2) amino sugar structures
1)A hydroxyl has been substituted for an amino group ie. Glucosamine. 2) The amino group of an amino sugar has been acetylated ie. N-acetylglucosamine
Biologic signifigance of Amino and N-acetylated amino sugars
They are essential components of glycosaminoglycans, glycolipids, and glycoproteins.
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)
Linear polymers of REPEATING DISACCHARIDES that form GROUND SUBSTANCE of ECM. Negatively charged at physiological pH. Their strong negativity leads to their effectiveness in WATER ABSORPTION
Glycosidic bond
A bond between the hydroxyl of one sugar’s anomeric carbon to the -OH or -NH group of another compound
Glycosides
A molecule in which a sugar is bound to another functional group by a glycosidic bond
O-linked glycosidic bonds mostly found in:
sugar-sugar and sugar-protein attachment.
N-linked glycosidic bonds mostly found in:
Nucleosides and nucleotides
Components of Sucrose
Glucose-Fructose
Components of Lactose
Galactose-glucose
Components of Maltose
Glucose-glucose
Reducing Sugar
When the -OH on the anomeric C of a sugar is not connected to any other structure
Glycogen: 1) Origin, 2) Form(s), 3) Linkage(s), 4) Purpose
1) Animal
2) Amylopectin
3) ∂-1,4 and ∂-1,6 (every 10-12 residues)
4) Energy storage
Starch: 1) Origin, 2) Form(s), 3) Linkage(s), 4) Purpose
1) Plant
2) Amylose and Amylopectin
3) ∂-1,4 and ∂-1,6 (every 25 residues)
4) Energy storage
Cellulose: 1) Origin, 2) Form(s), 3) Linkage(s), 4) Purpose
1) Plant
2) Amylose
3) ß-1,4
4) Structural support
Naming Convention of Fatty acids
- # of C’s : # of double bonds (the C# of each double bond) ie. 18:3(9,12,15)
- Omega system: w-C# of nearest double bond from methyl end. ie. w3 OR w-3
The 2 dietary essential fatty acids
§-linoleic acid (w6) and ∂-linolenic acid (w3)
Why do we need to ingest essential fatty acids?
Because humans cannot synthesize double bonds on fatty acids past C9 position.
Which essential fatty acid is needed for eicosanoid synthesis and what precursor does it lead to?
§-linoleic acid (w6) is a precursor for ARACHIDONIC ACID (20:4), a major precursor to eicosanoid synthesis.
Which essential fatty acid is important because it is a precursor to the formation of other fatty acids of it’s type?
∂-linolenic. Leads to other w3 fatty acids.
Refsum Disease is caused by what
Neuronal damage from accumulation of pytanic acid becuase of a deficiency of ∂-hydroxylase.
Triacylglycerol (TAGs)
Storage form of fat. Made up of 3 fatty acids connected to glycerol backbone.
What are derived from cholesterol
Steroids
Cholesterol esters
Are cholesterol that have been attached to a fatty acid via an ester linkage. They are VERY non-polar
