Temperature stress

Question 1

What processes increase heat generation in the body in response to cold stress

Answer 1

General metabolism

Voluntary muscular actvitiy

Involuntary muscular activity -> shivering

Non-shivering thermogenesis (burning brown fat in infants)

Question 2

What processes decrease heat loss from the body in response to cold stress

Answer 2

Vasomotor control -> arteriolar constriction

Behavioural response -> putting on clothes, moving to warmer areas…

Question 3

A body temp below what is diagnostic of hypothermia

Answer 3

<35^oC

Question 4

Who are most at risk of hypothermia

Answer 4

Neonates (not much fat)

Elderly (poor shivering thermogenesis)

Homeless

Cold store & off-shore workers

Outdoor pursuitors

Question 5

How can you treat hypothermia

Answer 5

Remove wet clothes

Add warm clothes

Insulation

Blankets

Hot drinks

Question 6

What can occur as a result of severe hypothermia in the peripheries

Answer 6

Frostbite

Question 7

What are the 2 types of processes that cause frostbite

Answer 7

Vascular processes

Cellular processes

Question 8

What occurs in the vascular processes that cause frostbite

Answer 8

Vasosonctriction

Thrombosis

Anoxia

Increased blood viscocity

Question 9

What occurs in the cellular processes that cause frostbite

Answer 9

Formation of ice crystals in the extracellular space

Incresased extraceullar osmolarity, causing water to move from the intracellular space

Leads to anoxia

Question 10

What are the aims of the body’s response to

a) cold stress
b) heat stress

Answer 10

a) increase body temp
b) decrease body temp

Question 11

What processes reduce heat production in response to heat stress

Answer 11

Decreased physical activity

Decreased food intake

Question 12

What processes increase heat loss in response to heat stress

Answer 12

Vasomotor control -> arteriolar dilation

Sweating

Behahvioural response s -> taking off clothes, getting naked

Question 13

What type of fibres are responsible for sweating and what type of heat loss does it increase

Answer 13

Fibres -> sympathetic cholinergic fibres

Heat loss -> evaporative

Question 14

What are the treatments for both heat exhaustion and heat stroke

Answer 14

Move to cooloer areas

Remove clothing

Cold air

Sponge with luke-warm water

Fluids (oral or IV)

Question 15

What are the risk factors for heat stress

Answer 15

Neonates

Elderly

Physical work in hot/humid areas

Wearing non-breathable protective clothing

Question 16

Give an example of types of:

a) heat illness
b) heat injury

Answer 16

a) heat exhuastion
b) heat stroke

Question 17

What body temperatures cause:

a) heat exhausation
b) heat stroke

Answer 17

a) >37.5^oC
b) >40^oC

Question 18

What processes occur as a result of heat exhaustion

Answer 18

Increased vasodilation

Decreased central blood volume

Excess sweating

Question 19

Excess sweating often occurs as a result of heat stress, what can it lead to

Answer 19

Distrubance in the body’s salt & fluid balance

Question 20

What are the symptoms of heat exhaustion

Answer 20

Headache

Confusion

Nausea

Clammy skin

Tachycardia

Hypotension

Loss of consciousness

Profuse sweating

Question 21

What are the symptoms of heat stroke

Answer 21

Hot & dry skin

Circulatory collapse

Loss of consciousness

No sweating

Question 22

What is the difference bwteen heat echaustion and heat stroke in terms of sweating

Answer 22

Heat exhaustion -> profuse sweating

Heat stroke -> no sweating

Question 23

What vasomotor responses occur in response to:

a) cold stress
b) heat stress

Answer 23

a) arteriolar constriction
b) arteriolar dilation

Question 24

What basic bodily processes occur in respone to cold and heat stress

Answer 24

Cold stress -> shivering

Heat stress -> sweating