Temperature control and vital signs Flashcards

1
Q

What is the average resting pulse range?

A

60-100 bpm

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2
Q

What is the average blood pressure range?

A

90/60 - 120/80

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3
Q

What is the average resting respiratory rate?

A

12-20 breaths per minute

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4
Q

What is the normal oxygen saturation level?

A

≥96%

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5
Q

What is the average core body temperature?

A

37.8°C

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6
Q

What is the name given to the optimum temperature for cellular function and metabolism?

A

Normothermia

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7
Q

What are the risks of increased body temperature?

A

Protein denaturation, nerve malfunction, convulsions and death

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8
Q

What are the risks of decreased body temperature?

A

Decreased cellular metabolism and function, which can be fatal

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9
Q

What is the normal tympanic temperature range?

A

36-37.5°C

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10
Q

What core body temperature range is considered to be a fever?

A

38-40°C

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11
Q

What core body temperature is considered as hyperthermia?

A

> 40°C

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12
Q

What core body temperature is considered as hypothermia?

A

<35°C

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13
Q

What is the diurnal temperature range?

A

The change in temperature over the course of 1 day. Temperature is lower in the morning than at night

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14
Q

When during the menstrual cycle is core temperature higher?

A

2nd half of the cycle from ovulation

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15
Q

What are the 4 methods of heat gain?

A

Metabolic heat gain
Radiation
Convection
Conduction

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16
Q

What are the 4 methods of heat loss?

A

Radiation
Conduction
Convection
Evaporation

17
Q

What is meant by the Basal Metabolic Rate?

A

The minimum amount of energy required to sustain vital body functions

18
Q

How does shivering increase heat production?

A

Through muscle activity, due to the increase in metabolic rate

19
Q

Name 3 hormones that can increase BMR.

A

Adrenaline, noradrenaline and thyroxine

20
Q

How does sweating increase heat loss?

A

Energy is drawn from the skin surface to convert water from a liquid to a gas

21
Q

Which division of the autonomic nervous system controls sweating?

A

Sympathetic nervous system

22
Q

Where are the central thermoreceptors found in the body?

A

In the hypothalamus, spinal chord and abdominal organs

23
Q

Where are the peripheral thermoreceptors found in the body?

A

In the skin

24
Q

What are the 3 main effectors of temperature control?

A

Skeletal muscle
Skin arterioles
Sweat glands

25
Q

Which region of the hypothalamus is activated by cold?

A

Posterior hypothalamic centre

26
Q

Which region of the hypothalamus is activated by warmth?

A

Anterior hypothalamic centre

27
Q

How do the skin arterioles decrease heat loss?

A

They undergo vasoconstriction, so blood flow to the skin surface is reduced to decrease radiation

28
Q

How do skeletal muscles increase heat production?

A

Increased muscle tone and shivering increases metabolic rate

29
Q

How do the skin arterioles increase heat loss?

A

They undergo vasodilation, so blood flow to the skin surface is increased to increase radiation

30
Q

How do skeletal muscles decrease heat production?

A

Decreased muscle tone, so decreased metabolic rate

31
Q

What chemicals are released from macrophages to trigger fever?

A

Endogenous pyrogens (e.g. interleukins)

32
Q

What do endogenous pyrogens stimulate the release of during the trigger fever?

A

Prostaglandins in the hypothalamus

33
Q

What effect do prostaglandins have on the hypothalamus?

A

They act on the hypothalamic thermo-regulatory centre to reset the set point at a higher temperature, initiating the mechanisms to heat the body

34
Q

What can trigger the end of a fever?

A

Treatment of the original cause or antipyretics

35
Q

What happens at the end of a fever?

A

The endogenous pyrogen release is ceased, so prostaglandin production is ceased, meaning the hypothalamus can reduce the body temperature to the normal set point