Temp

Question 1

What is the purpose of a hydrograph?

Answer 1

-Hydrographs = show how drainage basins change with discharge and rainfall
-Used to plan for food risks
-Can manage and implement defences

Question 2

What is carbon sequestration?

Answer 2

Carbon sequetration is the removal of carbon from atmosphere to sources such as plants, rock, etc - this can be human and naturally caused

Question 3

What is a carbon budget?

Answer 3

Carbon budget is the balance of exchanges between carbon stores - ie hydrosphere, etc

Question 4

Amazon rainforest details

Answer 4

Amazon Rainforest details:
-Carbon sink
-40% of South America’s landmass
-High biodiversity
-2 degree celcius increase by 2050

Question 5

Outline mass movement

Answer 5

Mass movement = downslope movement of material under the influence of gravity
-Rain acts as lubricant
-Ie soil creep and landslide and rockfall

Question 6

Influenceof natural processes on coastal landscapes?

Answer 6

Influence f natural processes on coastal landscapes:
-Eustatic and isostatic changes (submergent/emergent coastlines)
-Coastal landscape formation examples = spits, headlands, wave cut notch
-Erosion, deposition

Question 7

Heysham and Morecomb Case Study

Answer 7

Heysham and Morecomb Case Study:
-Lancashire Coast
-£80 million in defences overtime
-‘Hold the linbe’ = defences
-Rock groynes using local limestone
-Sea wall repair

Question 8

Sefton Coast Case Study

Answer 8

Sefton Coast Case Study:
-Sand dune system
-Dredging, trampling, offroad vehicles
-Beach nourishment, education

Question 9

Concept of mitigation in relation to hazards

Answer 9

-Mitigation = making impacts less severe
-Reinforced buildings
-Important for seismic hazards where prediction is difficult

Question 10

Seismic Hazard management

Answer 10

Seismic Hazard management:
-Short-term = aid, evacuation, search and rescue
-Long-term = Education, building resistence, land-use zoning

Question 11

What are mudflows?

Answer 11

Mudflow = downhill movement of liquid containing silt
-High density and viscosity
-Also known as ‘lahars’ = gravity-driven
-Occurs on steep slopes
-Occurs as a result of rainfall mobilising pyroclastic flow
-Causes flooding due to the heat melting ice caps
-Avoid by land-use zoning, diverting flow, warning systems

Question 12

What is pyroclastic flow/nuees ardes?

Answer 12

Pyroclastic flow:
-Mix of gas and hot lava
-Moves at high speeds
-Gas-based mixture
-Destroys buildings, crops and water contamination by ash fall
-Avoided via evacuation

Question 13

Physical processes that has contributed to the scale and nature of a hazard

Answer 13

Physical processes that has contributed to the scale and nature of a hazard:
-Plate movement (convection currents, gravitational pull, ridge push - caused by magma plumes
-Destructive/Constructive/Conservative boundaries
-Plate tectonic theory

Question 14

Japan Tohoku Earthquake

Answer 14

Japan Tohoku Earthquake:
-March 2011
-Destructive plate boundary = pacific + eurasian plate
-16,000 killed
-300,000 buildings destroyed
-Nuclear Meltdown
-Located in the pacific ring of ire where the NA, pacific, eurasion, phillipinepalte come together
-9.0 magnitude
-Island of Honshu moved east by 2.4m as a result
-Displacement of families -> especially of missing children due to schooltime
-181 billion pounds in damages
-Port, road and electrical damage

Question 15

Importance of standard deviation?

Answer 15

Standard deviation:
-Assesses the variability of data
-Identify trends and evacuate risk
-High SD= larger variability

Question 16

Phillipines - Typhoon Haiyan (2013)

Answer 16

Phillipines - Typhoon Haiyan:
-Category 4/5 hazard
-150mph winds
-Area of deep warm water and low wind shear
-Vulnerable due to dense population and economic deprivation
-6000 deaths, 4 million displaced, 1 million homes damaged, billion dollar costs
-Response: land use planning and evacuation plans