Coasts End Of Topic Test Rev

Question 1

What are salt marshes?

Answer 1

Salt marshes are areas of periodically flooded low-lying coastal wetlands
-They are often rich in plants, birds and animals

Question 2

How do salt marshes develop

Answer 2

Development of a salt marsh?
-Starts as accumulated mud and silt in a sheltered part of the coastline
-Deposition occurs and mud breaks the surface to form mudflats
-Salt-tolerant plants colonise the mudflats (early colonisers = pioneer plants)
-Level of mud rises and so it is less frequently covered by water
-Conditions become less harsh as rainwater begins to wash out some of the salt, and decomposing plant matter improves the fertility of the newly forming soil
-New plants (eg sea asters) start to colonise area and gradually vegetation sucession develops

Question 3

Concordant coasts

Answer 3

Concordant coasts:
-Forms where rocks run parallel to the coast
-Some have long, narrow islands running parallel to the coastline
-Also known as dalmatian coasts

Question 4

Discordant coasts

Answer 4

Discordant coasts:
-Where rocks run perpendicular to the coastline
-Have a pattern of projecting headlands and bays
-Known as Atlantic Coasts

Question 5

Hard engineering

Answer 5

Hard Engineering:
-Economically costly and deliberately alter physical processes and system through the use of hard, resistant materials

Question 6

Advantages of hard engineering techniques

Answer 6

Advantages of hard engineering techniques:
-Effective and often reassuring to people as it is a visible form of defence
-Long-lasting

Question 7

Disadvantages of hard engineering techniques

Answer 7

Disadvantages of hard engineering techniques:
-High costs along with high maintenance costs
-Visually unattractive
-Coastal ecosystem needs overlooked
-Defences built in one place frequently have adverse consequences futher along the coasts

Question 8

Hard engineering examples

Answer 8

Hard engineering examples:
-Groynes
-Sea walls
-Rock armour/rip rap
-Revetments
-Offshore breakwaters

Question 9

Revetments

Answer 9

Revements:
-Made up of rock, concrete and other durable materials constructed on top of the beach or along the shorelines
-Dissipates the energy of the waves and slow coastal erosion
-Used to protects vulnerable areas from erosion eg cliffs

Question 10

Offshore breakwaters

Answer 10

Offshore breakwaters:
-Rocks, concrete or other materials placed out to sea to create offshore protecting, by breaking the waves before they reach the beach

Question 11

Soft engineering

Answer 11

Soft engineering approaches attempt to work with physical systems and processes to protect coasts and manage changes in sea level

Question 12

Beach nourishment

Answer 12

Beach nourishment:
-Artificial replenishment of beach sediment to replace sediment lost by erosion, enlarge the beach to dissipate wave energy and reduce erosion
-Ongoing costs are high
-Sediment must not be sources from elsewhere in the sediment cell

Question 13

Cliff regrading and drainage

Answer 13

Cliff regrading and drainage:
-Cliff slope angles reduced to increase stability
-Re-vegetated to reduce surface erosion
-In-cliff drainage reduces pore-water pressure and mass movement risk
-Costs of £1 million per 100m
-Can be disruptive during construction

Question 14

Dune stabilisation

Answer 14

Dune stabilisation:
-Fences used to reduce wind speeds across dunes - dunes then replanted with marram and lyme grass to stabilise the surface
-Reduces erosion by wind and water
-Cost effective in the long term

Question 15

Soft engineering technique examples

Answer 15

Soft engineering technique examples:
-Beach replenishment
-Cliff regrading and drainage
-Dune stabilisation

Question 16

Sustainable coastal management

Answer 16

Sustainable coastal management:
-Designed to cope with future threats - eg rising sea levels, storm frequency increase, and erosion and flooding
-Means managing the wider coastal zone in terms of people’s safety and wellbeing, and the environment

Question 17

Ways of sustainable coastal management

Answer 17

Ways of sustainable coastal management:
Managing natural resources (fish, farmland, water supply) to ensure long-term productivity
Managing flood and erosion risk where possible, or relocating to safe areas
Creating alternative livelihoods before existing ones are lost to the sea
Adapting to sea level rise by relocating, alternative building methods and water supplies
Educating communities to understand why change is needed and how to adapt.
Monitoring coastal change and adapting to unexpected trends

Question 18

Why might adopting sustainable coastal management lead to conflict?

Answer 18

Adopting sustainable coastal management may lead to conflict because:
-Coastal natural resources may have to be used to less in order to protect them - so some people lose income
-Relocation may be needed where engineering solutions are too costly or not technically feasible
-Some erosion and/or flooding will always occur
-Future trends, such as sea level rise, may change, creating uncertainty and the need to change plan.

Question 19

ICZM

Answer 19

ICZM is coastal management planning over the long term, involving all stakeholders, working with natural processes and using ‘adaptive management’, i.e. changing plans as threats change.

Question 20

Key problems for coastal zones as identified by the European Commission

Answer 20

Key problems for coastal zones as identified by the European Commission:
-Biodiversity loss
-Habitat destruction
-Pollution
-Conflicts between stakeholders
-Overcrowding in some locations

Question 21

What is the sectoral approach to coastal management?

Answer 21

The sectoral approach to coastal management is where the local authorities make decisions for their stretch of coastline and other agencies and interest groups try to manage their particular environment, cause or social group

Question 22

Key aims of ICZM

Answer 22

Key aims of ICZM:
-Monitoring, information-gathering and recording of what is taking place at the coast
-Identifying and involving all stakeholders
-Following sustainable strategies
-Managing the natural and human systems responsibly
-Considering changes to coastal systems and anticipating likely impacts

Question 23

Cycle of integrated coastal zone management

Answer 23

Cycle of integrated coastal zone management:
-> Planning ->Decision-making -> Managing and monitoring of implementation -> Information collection ->

Question 24

Cells of the UK

Answer 24

-In England and Wales there are 11 sediment cells.
-Each cell is managed either as a whole unit or a sub-unit.
-In both cases a plan called a Shoreline Management Plan (SMP) is used.
T-he SMP area is further divided into sub-cells.
-SMPs extend across council boundaries, so many councils must work together on an agreed SMP to manage an extended stretch of coastline