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A-Level Geography 🌻 > Changing Places > Flashcards

Changing Places Flashcards

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1
Q

Place definition

A

Place - a location which can be plotted on a map or defined by a grid reference eg latitude

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2
Q

Things that make up places

A

Things that make up places:
-Location
-Its physical characteristics
-Its human characteristics
-Things that flow in and out of that place eg people and money
-The sense of place ie the emotional meanings

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3
Q

Why are aspects and meanings of places constantly changing?

A

-Physics characteristics of places change over long time scales
-Human characterstics can change over whole lifetimes
-The flows in and out of a place change
-The sense of place individuals or groups have may change

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4
Q

Why is the idea of place important?

A

Idea of place is important becaise many people create their identity based on the places that they feel connected

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5
Q

Scales of which people create shared identities

A

Local scale - eg within a village
-Regional
-National

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6
Q

Insiders within places

A

An insider is someone who is fimilar with a palces and who feels welcome in that place

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7
Q

Outsiders within places

A

An outsider is someone who feels unwelcome or excluded from a palce

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8
Q

Experienced places

A

Experienced places are places that people have spent time in

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9
Q

Media places

A

Media places are places that people have not been to, but have created a sense of place for through their depiction in media

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10
Q

Globalisation

A

The process of the world’s economies, political systems and cultures becoming interconnected

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11
Q

How had globalisation affected people’s experience of geographical distance?

A

-Improvements in travel technology > far places are quicker to go to > can be experienced easily and frequently
-Improvements in ICT > familiarity with media places
-Via the internet

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12
Q

Placelessness

A

Placelessness - describes how globalisation is making distant places look and feel the same

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13
Q

Placemaking

A

Placemaking = The deliberate shaping of an environment to facilitate social interaction and improve a community’s quality of life

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14
Q

Sense of place

A

Sense of place = Refers to the subjective and emotional attachment people have to a place

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15
Q

Subjective

A

Subjective - based on or influenced by personal feelings, tastes or opinions

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16
Q

3 theoretical approaches to place

A

The three theoretical approaches to place:
-A descriptive approach
-A social constructionist approach
-A phenomenological approach

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17
Q

The descriptive approach to place

A

Descriptive approach to place:
Idea that the world is a set of places and each place can be studied and is distinct

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18
Q

The social constructionist approach to place

A

Social constructionist approach sees place as a product of a particular set of processes ocurring at a particular time eg seeing somewhere as a place of empire and colonalism due to past experiences

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19
Q

Phenomenological approach to place

A

Phenomenological approach to place = how an individual person experiences place, recognising relationships between place and person

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20
Q

Endogenous

A

Endogenous = internal factors which shapes a place’s character - could be physical (location, topography etc) or human (land use, infrastructure etc)

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21
Q

Exogenous

A

Exogenous = external factors which shapes a place’s character, including the relationship to other places and the flows in and out of aplace eg flow of people, resources, money and ideas

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22
Q

Location as an endogenous factor that shapes a place’s character

A

Location (refrers to where a place is) - eg ports on coastal places,

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23
Q

Physical geography as an endogenous factor

A

Physical geography - refres to environmental features of a place eg altitude, aspect, soil and rock type - forms different landscapes

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24
Q

Land use as an endogenous factor

A

Land use - refers to human activity onland - directly defines places.
Land use changes overtime ie deindustrialisation

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25
Q

Demographic characteristics

A

Demographic characteristics - who lives in a place and what they’re like eg age, gender etc
Directly contributes to character of places

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26
Q

Economic characteristics that shapes places

A

Economic factors - to do with work and money - directly contributes to characteristics of places

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27
Q

Why has flow of people, money, resources and ideas increased overtime?

A

Increased due to improvements of transport, communications eg the internet - increased globalisation

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28
Q

How does demographic characteristics of place change?

A

Demographic characteristics of place change due to:
-Flows of people can change (eg change in age/gender balance)
-Flows of money and investment (eg by governments of business, eg investing in places to make it more desirable than other places)
-Flows of ideas and resources (eg birth control changing birth rate and population size)

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29
Q

How do flows affect the cultural characteristics of a place?

A

-Flows of people: new people moving into places bring new cultures
-Flows of money, investment and ideas: cultural ideas such as companies like mcdonalds can change characteristics of a place

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30
Q

What can make someone feel like an outsider?

A

People may feel like an outsider because:
-Not born in that country
-Being temporary resident rather than permanent
-Not having right to vote/work
-Not fluent in the language
-Feeling homesick or isolated

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31
Q

Difference between connections and relationships?

A

Connection - how people are linked or associated to a place
Relationship - the interaction between a person and a place

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32
Q

Factors that affect the way that people relate and form connections with places

A

Factors that affect the way that people relate and form connections with places:
-Place factors (endogenous/exogenous)
-Perspectives (outsider/insider?)
-Scale (localism/regional/national/globalisaition)
-Time and experience
-Type of place (near/far/media/experienced)

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33
Q

Globalisation

A

Globalisation: the growing interdependance of countries worldwide through increased movement and exchanges of people, goods, services, money, technology and ideas

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34
Q

How does globalisation relate to place?

A

Globalisation relates to place:
-Time-space compression (makes places grow closer eg technology and transport)
-Idea of global village (connecting the world together via media)
-Impact on places: demographically, economically, socially, culturally, environmentally

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35
Q

Benefits of globalisation

A

Benefits of globalisation:
-Spread of wealth
-Growth of international cooperative political groups and stability
-Reduction in consumer prices
-Trade barriers, tariffs and quotas removed
-Cultural diversity
-Cheaper phone and internet links
-Wider choices
-Greater freedoms
-Global skill transfer

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36
Q

Challenges of globalisation

A

Challenges of globalisation:
-Rich get richer
-Loss of national identities
-Migration issues
-Loss of cultural identities
-Media control over population
-Brain drain from LICs
-LICs forced to reduce costs
-Racism

37
Q

Why might someone feel like an outsider?

A

People may feel like an outsider due to:
-Being temporary residents
-Not being born in that country
-Lack rights to vote/own passports etc
-Misunderstand implicit social norms
-Feeling homesick/isolated
-Not being fluent in that language

38
Q

Positionality

A

Positionality = Factors (eg age, gender etc) which influence how we percieve places

39
Q

The affect of deindustrialisation on places

A

Affect of industrialisation on places:
-Affect the flow of people, money and resources
-Economy - mass unemployment
-Social > less money from unemployment > lack of services/poverty

40
Q

Bourneville case study

A

Bourneville case study:
-Homes were built at the factory to provide employees who were originally living in harsh conditions
-Garden city movement: self-contained communities in greenbelt land, recreational spaces and parks, low density homes

41
Q

Re-branding

A

Re-branding: replacing the negative perceptions of place with positive ones through physical change eg services + infrastructure. Increases migration but can cause conflict from local people who wants to conserve local communities

42
Q

Re-imaging

A

Re-imaging: replacing negative perceptions of place with positive ones through changing the mental image of places > eg Liverpool (Tate Liverpool) + Amsterdam (I Amsterdam)

43
Q

Corporate body

A

Corporate bodies are organisations/groups of people that is identified by a particular name, eg tourist agencies, train and airline companies, community and local groups (who provide ‘insider’ experience)

44
Q

Examples of media representations of place

A

Media representation of place examples:
Photography/Textual sources/Poetry/Tv + Film/Paintings/Sculptures

45
Q

Gentrification

A

Gentrification = improvement of housing in an area that was poor/run-down

46
Q

Trafalgar Square case study

A

Trafalgar square case study: Lord Nelson Admiral statue - inspires pride + patriarchy - also used for political protests, however

47
Q

Totnes case study

A

Totnes - protested against Costa - to prevent Totnes becoming a ‘clone town’

48
Q

Port Sunlight, the Wirral case study

A

Port Sunlight, the Wirral - provided village for workers + services - eventually became Unilever

49
Q

Devonport, Plymouth case study

A

Devonport, Plymouth case study - Originally a dockyard naval town - communities were split by a navy wall - ‘new deal for communities’ helped with crime, education etc

50
Q

Medellin, Colombia case study

A

Medellin, Colombia case study - associated with drug and crime - Pablo Escabar - regenerated with new transport systems (metroplus, trams) + education schemes etc

51
Q

Belfast case study

A

Belfast case study - redeveloped + rebranded - Titanic Quarter (built on brownfield site), promoted as ‘Creative + Cultural’ Belfast - mural that represent conflicting opinions (as it originally split communities apart but still stands)

52
Q

Amsterdam case study

A

Amsterdam case study - I Amsterdam - re-imaged due to declining reputation + economy - brought in tourism and positive media attention

53
Q

Insiders

A

Insiders are people who feel at home within a place, and may have the following characteristics:
-Born there
-Hold citizenship
-Fluent in local language and conform with idioms
-Conforms with social norms and behavioural traits common in that place
-They feel secure, safe, welcomed and happy

54
Q

Outsiders

A

Opposite to insiders, factors that contribute to this may be:
-Not born in that area
-Doesn’t hold citizenship
-Not fluent in local language
-Not feeling accustomed to the culture, social norms and dialect of the majority of the community
This feeling of belonging or not belonging can change overtime

55
Q

‘The other’

A

The other refers to people who are unfamiliar or different to the self - conflict and social tension can exist when people who do not have the same identity as other people they meet
-Makes it easier to be prejudiced against eg racism, xenophobia

56
Q

Sources that provides information on places

A

Sources:
Census data
Field trips
Art and media
Songs
Poems
Advertising
Maps and photos

57
Q

Definition of sense of place

A

Sense of place = meaning attributed to a place through our interaction with it

58
Q

Perception of place definition

A

Perception of place = meaning attributed to a place that is developed through what we have heard, seen or read about

59
Q

Corporate bodies

A

Corporate body = an organisation or group of people that is identified by a particular name eg institutions, businesses, non-profit enterprises and government agencies

60
Q

UK sensus

A

UK sensus provides quantitative data - details the social and economic characteristics of the population eg age, gender, ethnicity etc - helps to better understand population growth and demographic changes

61
Q

Ethnography

A

Ethnography = research methods that explores what people do as well as what they say

62
Q

Media representations of place

A

Media representations of place:
-Photography
-Textual sources
-Poetry
-TV and film
-Art
-Paintings
-Sculptures
-Graffiti

63
Q

Benefits of media representations of place

A

Media representations of place allows for people to sense and imagine what a place is like - it envokes the sense of place through personal meanings behind the representation

64
Q

IMD

A

IMD = index of multiple deprivation = UK-government qualitative study measuring deprivation at small-area level across England - can be used to show economic inequality between places

65
Q

Census data

A

Census data - useful in providing insight into past and present character of a place especially the demographic and economic characteristics eg Nomis (government website for national statistics)
+ = Reliable and factual
- = Quantitative data may ignore important opinions eg economic differences - does not reflect the residents

66
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of art and media as media representations of place

A

Advantages and disadvantages of art and media as media representations of place:
+ = Major contributer to an area’s character, important to recognise the influence it has on sense of place
- = not quantitative, meaning it’s hard to compare/measure

67
Q

Advertising as a media representation of place

A

Advertising : tourism and business sectors of a place advertise an area to attract people and investers
+ = Presents multiple dimensions of a place - lots of info in one source - attractions also add to character
- = may be one-sided and biased view

68
Q

Maps and photos as media representations of place

A

Maps and photos - factual and objective view of a place - useful to comparing past and present places
+ = comparing past of a place is important to see development, not influence by opinions
- = photos could be subjective

69
Q

Place meaning

A

Place meaning refers to the sense of place and character that different people give to a place - how a place is represented by tourist organisations, governments, corporate bodies and community groups

70
Q

Glocalisation

A

Glocalisation is the process of adapting brands and products to suit the local market conditions such as laws or culture

71
Q

Identity

A

Identity = the sense of who you are

72
Q

Well-being

A

Well-being refers to the state of being happy, healthy and comfortable

73
Q

Lympstone location

A

Lympstone:
-South west of England
-West Devon
-Near Exeter
-East of River Exe

74
Q

Past characteristics of Lympstone

A

Past characteristics of Lympstone:
-Small port used in 13th century coastal and cross trading links
-Shipbuilding in the 19th century
-Estuary used for fishing
-Tourism increases in mid 18th century onwards
-1861: Railway built - time space compression

75
Q

Time space compression

A

Time space compression refers to when distant places feel near due to shortened travel time

76
Q

Natural characteristics of Lympstone

A

Natural characteristics of Lympstone:
-Edge of an estuary
-Extensive tidal mudflats that extend into estuary about 1.5km wide
-Pebble beaches along foot of cliff

77
Q

Main demographic characteristics of Lympstone

A

Main demographic characteristics of Lympstone:
-98.9% white
-1.1% non-white
-55.6% 16-64
-24.65% over 65

78
Q

Cultural characteristics of Lympstone

A

Lympstone lacks wide range of cultures
65.6% Christian
0.17% Muslim

79
Q

Political characteristics of Lympstone

A

Political characteristics of Lympstone:
-Parish council with 11 elected people serving on local government body - limited power

80
Q

Built environment characteristics of Lympstone

A

Built environment characteristics of Lympstone:
-Dormitory settlement - lots of buildings converted into residencies
-Preserved historical buildings as well as new larger modern homes being built - mainly for accomodation purposes for commutes

81
Q

Socio-encomic characteristics of Lympstone

A

Socio-encomic characteristics of Lympstone:
-Most own their own house (above 60%)
-Less bad health than average (about 4%)
-Less crime than average

82
Q

Agents of change examples

A

Agents of change:
-Government (seeks to improve an area through re-imaging, re-branding and regeneration)
-Corporate bodies (interest in regeneration of an areas, some seeks to manipulate perceptions for profit)
-Communities and local groups (either support or oppose changes, frequently involved due to insider knowledge of a place)

83
Q

What are agents of change?

A

Agent of change is any group of people who work to impact a place through working there, living or trying to improving the place - aims to change the perception

84
Q

Belonging definition

A

Belonging = feeling part of a community

85
Q

Scales that identity is evident

A

Identity can be evident at a number of scales:
-Local
-Regional
-National

86
Q

Examples of endogenous factors

A

Endogenous factors examples:
-Physical geography (relief, topography, rock type)
-Demographics
-Location
-Built environment
-Political factors
-Population mobility
-Cultural factors
-Socio-economic factors

87
Q

Exogenous factors examples

A

Exogenous factors examples:
-Location relative to other places
-Tourism
-Flow of investment
-Migration

88
Q

Result of deindustrialisation

A

Result of deindustrialisation:
-Flow of workers away
-Flow of money and investment out of the area
-Changes to economic structure
-Less disposable income of employees ->lack of investment into services ->higher levels of deprivation + poverty

89
Q

Liverpool rebranding scheme

A

Liverpool rebranding scheme:
-Experienced decline of imports due to docks closing in 1980s -> high levels of crime, deprivation
-Experienced rebranding -> cultural events, football, Beatles music reputation, shopping destination with services

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