Telomerase Cancer And Aging

Question 0

Joins chromatids together

Answer 0

Centromere

Question 1

• Double Stranded DNA
• Long arm (q)
• Short arm (p)

Answer 1

Chromatids

Question 2

•Found at each end of Chromatid

Answer 2

Telomere

Question 3

Condensed regions within the chromosome that are responsible for the accurate segregation of the replicate

Answer 3

Centromere

Question 4

• Short thymine-guanine sequence

* 5’-TTAGGG-3’ Sequence

Answer 4

Telomere

Question 5

Found at each end of a chromatid, which protects the end of the chromosome from deterioration or from fusion with neighbouring chromosomes

Answer 5

Telomere

Question 6

are the sites at which DNA synthesis is occurring
• New chains grow 5’-3’
• Bidirectional
• Semi-conservative

Answer 6

Replication forks

Question 7

• Made up of 6 proteins arranged in a ring shape
• Motor proteins
• Unpackage an organism’s gene

Unwinding

Answer 7

Helicase

Question 8

• Tetramers

* Attached to the post-replication fork single strands of DNA, preventing their “reannealing“

Answer 8

Single strand binding proteins

Question 9

• A type of RNA Polymerase
• Creates a RNA Primer
• Key importance in DNA Replication

Answer 9

Primase

Question 10

• Creates DNA Molecules by assembling nucleotides

Answer 10

DNA polymerase

Question 11

• Non- Specific Endonuclease that catalyzes the cleavage of RNA
• Removing the RNA primer

Answer 11

RNase H

Question 12

• A ligase that facilitates the joining of DNA strand together by catalyzing the formation of a phosphodiester bond.

Answer 12

DNA ligase

Question 13

During chromosome replication, the enzymes that duplicate the DNA cannot continue duplicating all the way to the end of the chromosome

Answer 13

Lagging strand

Okazaki fragments

Question 14

attached ahead on the lagging strand

Answer 14

RNA primer

Question 15

It is the phase or stage in which normal cells cease to divide

Answer 15

Cellular senescence

Question 16

Mas mahaba nag telomer

Answer 16

Mas mahaba ang buhay

Question 17

Cellular senescence

Answer 17

Telomere shortening

Question 18

A section of telomeres is lost during each cycle of

Answer 18

Replication

Question 19

is the result of a sugar reducing molecule, such as fructose or glucose, bonding to a protein or Lipid molecule without the controlling action of an enzyme.

Answer 19

Glycation

Question 20

Senescence involve what pathways? That lead to cancer, kasi hindi mamatay yung mga cell

Answer 20

p53 and pRb pathways

Question 21

is an enzyme that adds telomeric sequences to the ends of each chromosome

Answer 21

Telomerase

Question 22

telomerase is a combination of a

Answer 22

Protein and RNA

Question 23

present in most fetal tissues, normal adult male germ cells, stem cells, in proliferative cells of renewal tissues, and in most tumor cells

Answer 23

Telomerase

Question 24

Protein component of telomerase

Answer 24

human Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase

Question 25

human Telomerase RNA (hTR or hTERC)

Answer 25

RNA component of telomerase

Question 26

MECHANISM OF TELOMERIC LENGTHENING

Answer 26

Binding
Elongation
Translocation
Elongation

Question 27

• stabilizes the telomere
• prevents the telomere ends from being recognized as break points by the DNA repair machinery thus it gives protection from exonucleases.
• preventing the telomere from eliciting a DNA damage response manifested as cell-cycle arrest or apoptosis

Answer 27

T loop

Question 28

• It binds along the length of the T-loop.
• along with TRF2, it normally prevents telomerase from adding more telomere units to telomeres.
• But when telomere lengthening is required, TRF1 recruits helicases to facilitate the process.

Answer 28

TRF1

Question 29

• It appears to promote formation of D-loop
• prevents ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) activation, which is a DNA damage response (DDR) to DNA double strand breaks.
• But when DNA repair of telomeres is required, TRF2 recruits DNA repair proteins.

Answer 29

TRF2

Question 30

• links TRF1 with TRF2, and connects both to TPP1 .
• TIN2 is believed to facilitate recruitment oft single-stranded telomere-binding proteins to telomeres.
• TIN2 interacts with TRF1 and has been suggested to stabilize the T-loop.

Answer 30

TIN2

Question 31

• only binds to the single-stranded 3’-end DNA overhang.
• POT1 prevents ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3 related (ATR) activation, which is a DNA damage response (DDR) to DNA double strand breaks.
• Humans only have a single POT1, whereas mice have POT1a and POT1b.

Answer 31

POT1

Question 32

• binds to TRF2, and facilitates TRF2 function.
• RAP1 protects telomeres from non homologous end joining (NHEJ).
• Unlike the other shelterin proteins, RAP1 has functions independent of its function within the shelterin complex: RAP1 regulates transcription and affects NF- kb signaling.

Answer 32

RAP1

Question 33

• interacts with POT1 and regulates its function.
• When telomeres are to be lengthened, TPP1 is a central factor in recruiting telomerase to telomeres.
• Deletion of TPP1 from shelterin elicits an ATR-mediated DDR.

Answer 33

TPP1

Question 34

is a good biomarker for cancer detection because most human cancers cells express high levels of telomerase.

Answer 34

Telomerase

Question 35

Kapag maigsi, maigsi din ang buhay.

Nagpapahaba ng buhay ng cell, lalo na ang cancer cell

Answer 35

Telomere

Telomerase