Tectonics Volcano Case Studies Flashcards
State Names and dates of the three case studies
Iceland E-15 (2010)
Mt Merapi Island of Java, Indonesia (2010)
Democratic of Congo - Mount Nyiragongo (2002)
HDI of each case study
As of 2021
Iceland - 0.959
Indonesia - 0.705
DRC - 0.479
Location, Plate Details
Explaination of Plate Movement
SUBGLACIAL volc - east volcanic zone
DIV PLATES - NA AND EUROASIAN - on MIDATLANTIC RIDGE - as plate moves apart, magma fills magma chamber
VEI and reason for danger
VEI 3. Usually normal but due to frozen ice on top, it became violent and belched large amounts of gas into the air
Nature of Eruption:
type of volc and lava
ejected material
Shield volc
basaltic lava - low viscosity
Volcanic Ash and Lava
Environ impact of E-15
ash - dissolved iron into NA - eutrophican trigger plankton bloom
ash conaminate aquatic environ
ice melt flashfloods
Social Impact E15
no injuries no deaths
500-700 families evac
ppl unable to get to sch or work and biz no run (but short term disturbance as high resilience)
Econ Impact E15
majour impact on European ir Travel - 100,000 cancelled flights = $1 bill in losses
Perishable food and affected developing country e.g. kenya as goods not transported in time
ash poisoned animals on farms - primary sector
Primary Impacts E15
tephra - extremely fine - cause flight disruption
lava flow - covered area of 1.3 km^2
plume of volc ask over 10 km high
Secondary Impacts E15
Aloha sliding area of a few square kilometres due to heavy rain as the glacier saturated the ash.
flooding (jokhulhaups) eruption cause glacier to melt to cause flooding to take place - 25% of a 1 km³ some Equator melted after two days.
Vulnerability of Iceland, E. 15
Developed country that is well monitored
Short-term responses, E15
European Red Cross societies my place is full of tears provides said food, farming, population and counselling and Psychosocial supports
One instance people had to flee from the homes in the middle of night escape from flash floods which may cause psychological impacts.
Long-term responses, E 15
Europe EU has developed an integrated structure for air traffic management. The functional airspace blocks replaced by existing 27 areas which reduces the risk of closing all the European airspace.
In Indonesia Merapi volcano statistics, HDI location and plate Boundry
0.705
island of Java by the Ring of Fire convergent plate boundary from India, Australian and Eurasian plate. One of the most active volcanoes so should be predictable.
Three Eruptions between the 25th and 27th of October
Java details
Java population density is over 800 people per kilometre, squared around 1.1 million people living in towns on the steep slopes.
Is eruption details of Merapi
VEI type of volcano type of magma injected material and dissolved gases
VEI 4
composite volcano
Andesitic magma
volcanic ash
sulphur dioxide
Merapi primary impacts
Layer of ash 2.5 cm thick covered farmland 15 km away. Villages were under 30 cm of ash respiratory irritant
ash rose to 18 km altitude cover cars, roads, homes and ppl - respiratory irritant
Pyroclastic so 100 km/h speed travel 3 km down heavily populated slopes. Lava flow up to 30 km down sleep
Merapi, secondary impacts
Lahars heavy rainfall mix with prev pyroclastic flow materials and a half is booking a problem, destroying houses and farms affecting 3000 people.
Some villages - Kinahrejo - were completely destroyed and killing 33 people in all local cattle.
Vulnerability, Merapi
300,000 people were evacuated for many, do not want to leave their homes as many, don’t have insurance
Social impacts of Merapi
350 people killed
500 injured mainly due to respiratory issues
cramp refugee camps increase infection rates
400,000 people made homeless
800 people recorded as suffering psychological effects of family and livelihood loss
Economic impact of Merapi
Flights cancelled for following two weeks impacts trade and tourism
$ 3.6 million in cost due to death of livestock and damaged tourism.
Heavy ash flattened crops - over 50,000 farmers became temporarily unemployed
Environmental impact, Merapi
Loss of rice harvest
destroyed 870 hectare of forest of farmland
sulphur dioxide blown as far as Australia.
However, it did fertilise the ground so more fertile soil followed the volcano.
Short-term responses Merapi
1600 people either volunteers or military were part of national eight rescues,
210 evacuation centres were set up
Long-term responses Merapi
Formal evacuation centres were eventually set up
2700 people had to be moved permanently
Government helped farmers replace livestock, lost
Prediction in preparation, Merapi
350,000 people successfully evacuated before the eruption
the Indonesian centre volcanology and Geological hazard management (CVGHM) observed several warning signs of possible eruption - recommended evacuation at a 10 km radius.
Government quickly look allocated $2.6 million in support managed by the national disaster mitigation agency
military arrive to build to make sure times
NGO agencies including Red Cross.
provided assistance in WHO provide the support, distributing blankets and 6 tonsof emergency energy biscuits across the shelter
DRC - Nyiragongo
type of plate margin
VEI
type of volcano
type of magma
ejected material
dissolved gases
Constructive continental rift zone between Somalian and Nubian plate African rift Valley
VEI 1
composite volcano
basaltic magma,
Poisonous gases cause acid rain, which affect families and cattle
DRC - Nyiragongo
Primary effects
90 to 97 km/h lava flow
created fires
covered parts of airport runway
Covered 15% of city of Goma
DRC - Nyiragongo
vulnerability
Years of civil war and violence in rural areas, cause many people to flee to cities like Goma making it high population
civil unrest also made rescue efforts.
warnings meant around 350,000 people fled the lava flow.
DRC - Nyiragongo
Social effects
157 deaths
120,000 made homeless
half of hospitals damaged
lava covered part of Goma International Airport stop evacuation and aid restricted - long-term impact tourism and trade
infected disease, such as cholera spread because of lack of sanitation.
Looting
DRC - Nyiragongo
Economic impact
$ 1.2 billion in economics loss
15% of city of Goma destroyed
aviation fuel stores exploded as lava flow, damaged
Major international aid response launched - one month after eruption, 350,000 people were depended on it due to loss of businesses and jobs
DRC - Nyiragongo
Environmental impact
Poisonous gas causes acid
sulphurous haze
cloud of smoke, adversely affect mountain gorillas
carbon dioxide levels high
DRC - Nyiragongo
Short term responses
400,000 people were evacuated but was slow.
Damage of Goma airport interrupted arrival of international aid.
UK Oxfam sent 33 tons of water cleaning equipment which stop people from drinking contaminated water and spread of disease.
WHO conducted an emergency measles vaccines for 28,000 children.
DRC - Nyiragongo
Long-term responses
Preparation 30 new signs showing the early warning signs of a volcanic eruption
communities and schools now have evacuation drills
officials have been re-trained and provided evacuation plans.
Knowledge of similar volcanoes have encouraged volcanologist to measure carbon dioxide emissions from volcano and within lake kivu to predict when CO2 levels will become lethal (ppl can die from co2 poisoning)
DRC - Nyiragongo
Prediction and preparation
The Observatoire Volcanique de Goma
