Tectonics Volcano Case Studies

Question 1

State Names and dates of the three case studies

Answer 1

Iceland E-15 (2010)
Mt Merapi Island of Java, Indonesia (2010)
Democratic of Congo - Mount Nyiragongo (2002)

Question 2

HDI of each case study

Answer 2

As of 2021
Iceland - 0.959
Indonesia - 0.705
DRC - 0.479

Question 3

Location, Plate Details
Explaination of Plate Movement

Answer 3

SUBGLACIAL volc - east volcanic zone

DIV PLATES - NA AND EUROASIAN - on MIDATLANTIC RIDGE - as plate moves apart, magma fills magma chamber

Question 4

VEI and reason for danger

Answer 4

VEI 3. Usually normal but due to frozen ice on top, it became violent and belched large amounts of gas into the air

Question 5

Nature of Eruption:
type of volc and lava
ejected material

Answer 5

Shield volc
basaltic lava - low viscosity
Volcanic Ash and Lava

Question 6

Environ impact of E-15

Answer 6

ash - dissolved iron into NA - eutrophican trigger plankton bloom

ash conaminate aquatic environ

ice melt flashfloods

Question 7

Social Impact E15

Answer 7

no injuries no deaths

500-700 families evac

ppl unable to get to sch or work and biz no run (but short term disturbance as high resilience)

Question 8

Econ Impact E15

Answer 8

majour impact on European ir Travel - 100,000 cancelled flights = $1 bill in losses

Perishable food and affected developing country e.g. kenya as goods not transported in time

ash poisoned animals on farms - primary sector

Question 9

Primary Impacts E15

Answer 9

tephra - extremely fine - cause flight disruption
lava flow - covered area of 1.3 km^2
plume of volc ask over 10 km high

Question 10

Secondary Impacts E15

Answer 10

Aloha sliding area of a few square kilometres due to heavy rain as the glacier saturated the ash.

flooding (jokhulhaups) eruption cause glacier to melt to cause flooding to take place - 25% of a 1 km³ some Equator melted after two days.

Question 11

Vulnerability of Iceland, E. 15

Answer 11

Developed country that is well monitored

Question 12

Short-term responses, E15

Answer 12

European Red Cross societies my place is full of tears provides said food, farming, population and counselling and Psychosocial supports

One instance people had to flee from the homes in the middle of night escape from flash floods which may cause psychological impacts.

Question 13

Long-term responses, E 15

Answer 13

Europe EU has developed an integrated structure for air traffic management. The functional airspace blocks replaced by existing 27 areas which reduces the risk of closing all the European airspace.

Question 14

In Indonesia Merapi volcano statistics, HDI location and plate Boundry

Answer 14

0.705

island of Java by the Ring of Fire convergent plate boundary from India, Australian and Eurasian plate. One of the most active volcanoes so should be predictable.

Three Eruptions between the 25th and 27th of October

Question 15

Java details

Answer 15

Java population density is over 800 people per kilometre, squared around 1.1 million people living in towns on the steep slopes.

Question 16

Is eruption details of Merapi

VEI type of volcano type of magma injected material and dissolved gases

Answer 16

VEI 4
composite volcano
Andesitic magma
volcanic ash
sulphur dioxide

Question 17

Merapi primary impacts

Answer 17

Layer of ash 2.5 cm thick covered farmland 15 km away. Villages were under 30 cm of ash respiratory irritant

ash rose to 18 km altitude cover cars, roads, homes and ppl - respiratory irritant

Pyroclastic so 100 km/h speed travel 3 km down heavily populated slopes. Lava flow up to 30 km down sleep

Question 18

Merapi, secondary impacts

Answer 18

Lahars heavy rainfall mix with prev pyroclastic flow materials and a half is booking a problem, destroying houses and farms affecting 3000 people.

Some villages - Kinahrejo - were completely destroyed and killing 33 people in all local cattle.

Question 19

Vulnerability, Merapi

Answer 19

300,000 people were evacuated for many, do not want to leave their homes as many, don’t have insurance

Question 20

Social impacts of Merapi

Answer 20

350 people killed
500 injured mainly due to respiratory issues

cramp refugee camps increase infection rates

400,000 people made homeless

800 people recorded as suffering psychological effects of family and livelihood loss

Question 21

Economic impact of Merapi

Answer 21

Flights cancelled for following two weeks impacts trade and tourism

$ 3.6 million in cost due to death of livestock and damaged tourism.

Heavy ash flattened crops - over 50,000 farmers became temporarily unemployed

Question 22

Environmental impact, Merapi

Answer 22

Loss of rice harvest

destroyed 870 hectare of forest of farmland

sulphur dioxide blown as far as Australia.

However, it did fertilise the ground so more fertile soil followed the volcano.

Question 23

Short-term responses Merapi

Answer 23

1600 people either volunteers or military were part of national eight rescues,

210 evacuation centres were set up

Question 24

Long-term responses Merapi

Answer 24

Formal evacuation centres were eventually set up

2700 people had to be moved permanently

Government helped farmers replace livestock, lost

Question 25

Prediction in preparation, Merapi

Answer 25

350,000 people successfully evacuated before the eruption

the Indonesian centre volcanology and Geological hazard management (CVGHM) observed several warning signs of possible eruption - recommended evacuation at a 10 km radius.

Government quickly look allocated $2.6 million in support managed by the national disaster mitigation agency

military arrive to build to make sure times

NGO agencies including Red Cross.
provided assistance in WHO provide the support, distributing blankets and 6 tonsof emergency energy biscuits across the shelter

Question 26

DRC - Nyiragongo
type of plate margin
VEI
type of volcano
type of magma
ejected material
dissolved gases

Answer 26

Constructive continental rift zone between Somalian and Nubian plate African rift Valley

VEI 1
composite volcano
basaltic magma,

Poisonous gases cause acid rain, which affect families and cattle

Question 27

DRC - Nyiragongo
Primary effects

Answer 27

90 to 97 km/h lava flow
created fires
covered parts of airport runway
Covered 15% of city of Goma

Question 28

DRC - Nyiragongo
vulnerability

Answer 28

Years of civil war and violence in rural areas, cause many people to flee to cities like Goma making it high population

civil unrest also made rescue efforts.

warnings meant around 350,000 people fled the lava flow.

Question 29

DRC - Nyiragongo
Social effects

Answer 29

157 deaths

120,000 made homeless

half of hospitals damaged

lava covered part of Goma International Airport stop evacuation and aid restricted - long-term impact tourism and trade

infected disease, such as cholera spread because of lack of sanitation.

Looting

Question 30

DRC - Nyiragongo
Economic impact

Answer 30

$ 1.2 billion in economics loss

15% of city of Goma destroyed

aviation fuel stores exploded as lava flow, damaged

Major international aid response launched - one month after eruption, 350,000 people were depended on it due to loss of businesses and jobs

Question 31

DRC - Nyiragongo
Environmental impact

Answer 31

Poisonous gas causes acid

sulphurous haze

cloud of smoke, adversely affect mountain gorillas

carbon dioxide levels high

Question 32

DRC - Nyiragongo
Short term responses

Answer 32

400,000 people were evacuated but was slow.

Damage of Goma airport interrupted arrival of international aid.

UK Oxfam sent 33 tons of water cleaning equipment which stop people from drinking contaminated water and spread of disease.

WHO conducted an emergency measles vaccines for 28,000 children.

Question 33

DRC - Nyiragongo
Long-term responses

Answer 33

Preparation 30 new signs showing the early warning signs of a volcanic eruption

communities and schools now have evacuation drills

officials have been re-trained and provided evacuation plans.

Knowledge of similar volcanoes have encouraged volcanologist to measure carbon dioxide emissions from volcano and within lake kivu to predict when CO2 levels will become lethal (ppl can die from co2 poisoning)

Question 34

DRC - Nyiragongo
Prediction and preparation

Answer 34

The Observatoire Volcanique de Goma