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Geography > Tectonics Volcano Case Studies > Flashcards

Tectonics Volcano Case Studies Flashcards

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1
Q

State Names and dates of the three case studies

A

Iceland E-15 (2010)
Mt Merapi Island of Java, Indonesia (2010)
Democratic of Congo - Mount Nyiragongo (2002)

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2
Q

HDI of each case study

A

As of 2021
Iceland - 0.959
Indonesia - 0.705
DRC - 0.479

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3
Q

Location, Plate Details
Explaination of Plate Movement

A

SUBGLACIAL volc - east volcanic zone

DIV PLATES - NA AND EUROASIAN - on MIDATLANTIC RIDGE - as plate moves apart, magma fills magma chamber

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4
Q

VEI and reason for danger

A

VEI 3. Usually normal but due to frozen ice on top, it became violent and belched large amounts of gas into the air

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5
Q

Nature of Eruption:
type of volc and lava
ejected material

A

Shield volc
basaltic lava - low viscosity
Volcanic Ash and Lava

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6
Q

Environ impact of E-15

A

ash - dissolved iron into NA - eutrophican trigger plankton bloom

ash conaminate aquatic environ

ice melt flashfloods

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7
Q

Social Impact E15

A

no injuries no deaths

500-700 families evac

ppl unable to get to sch or work and biz no run (but short term disturbance as high resilience)

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8
Q

Econ Impact E15

A

majour impact on European ir Travel - 100,000 cancelled flights = $1 bill in losses

Perishable food and affected developing country e.g. kenya as goods not transported in time

ash poisoned animals on farms - primary sector

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9
Q

Primary Impacts E15

A

tephra - extremely fine - cause flight disruption
lava flow - covered area of 1.3 km^2
plume of volc ask over 10 km high

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10
Q

Secondary Impacts E15

A

Aloha sliding area of a few square kilometres due to heavy rain as the glacier saturated the ash.

flooding (jokhulhaups) eruption cause glacier to melt to cause flooding to take place - 25% of a 1 km³ some Equator melted after two days.

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11
Q

Vulnerability of Iceland, E. 15

A

Developed country that is well monitored

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12
Q

Short-term responses, E15

A

European Red Cross societies my place is full of tears provides said food, farming, population and counselling and Psychosocial supports

One instance people had to flee from the homes in the middle of night escape from flash floods which may cause psychological impacts.

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13
Q

Long-term responses, E 15

A

Europe EU has developed an integrated structure for air traffic management. The functional airspace blocks replaced by existing 27 areas which reduces the risk of closing all the European airspace.

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14
Q

In Indonesia Merapi volcano statistics, HDI location and plate Boundry

A

0.705

island of Java by the Ring of Fire convergent plate boundary from India, Australian and Eurasian plate. One of the most active volcanoes so should be predictable.

Three Eruptions between the 25th and 27th of October

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15
Q

Java details

A

Java population density is over 800 people per kilometre, squared around 1.1 million people living in towns on the steep slopes.

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16
Q

Is eruption details of Merapi

VEI type of volcano type of magma injected material and dissolved gases

A

VEI 4
composite volcano
Andesitic magma
volcanic ash
sulphur dioxide

17
Q

Merapi primary impacts

A

Layer of ash 2.5 cm thick covered farmland 15 km away. Villages were under 30 cm of ash respiratory irritant

ash rose to 18 km altitude cover cars, roads, homes and ppl - respiratory irritant

Pyroclastic so 100 km/h speed travel 3 km down heavily populated slopes. Lava flow up to 30 km down sleep

18
Q

Merapi, secondary impacts

A

Lahars heavy rainfall mix with prev pyroclastic flow materials and a half is booking a problem, destroying houses and farms affecting 3000 people.

Some villages - Kinahrejo - were completely destroyed and killing 33 people in all local cattle.

19
Q

Vulnerability, Merapi

A

300,000 people were evacuated for many, do not want to leave their homes as many, don’t have insurance

20
Q

Social impacts of Merapi

A

350 people killed
500 injured mainly due to respiratory issues

cramp refugee camps increase infection rates

400,000 people made homeless

800 people recorded as suffering psychological effects of family and livelihood loss

21
Q

Economic impact of Merapi

A

Flights cancelled for following two weeks impacts trade and tourism

$ 3.6 million in cost due to death of livestock and damaged tourism.

Heavy ash flattened crops - over 50,000 farmers became temporarily unemployed

22
Q

Environmental impact, Merapi

A

Loss of rice harvest

destroyed 870 hectare of forest of farmland

sulphur dioxide blown as far as Australia.

However, it did fertilise the ground so more fertile soil followed the volcano.

23
Q

Short-term responses Merapi

A

1600 people either volunteers or military were part of national eight rescues,

210 evacuation centres were set up

24
Q

Long-term responses Merapi

A

Formal evacuation centres were eventually set up

2700 people had to be moved permanently

Government helped farmers replace livestock, lost

25
Q

Prediction in preparation, Merapi

A

350,000 people successfully evacuated before the eruption

the Indonesian centre volcanology and Geological hazard management (CVGHM) observed several warning signs of possible eruption - recommended evacuation at a 10 km radius.

Government quickly look allocated $2.6 million in support managed by the national disaster mitigation agency

military arrive to build to make sure times

NGO agencies including Red Cross.
provided assistance in WHO provide the support, distributing blankets and 6 tonsof emergency energy biscuits across the shelter

26
Q

DRC - Nyiragongo
type of plate margin
VEI
type of volcano
type of magma
ejected material
dissolved gases

A

Constructive continental rift zone between Somalian and Nubian plate African rift Valley

VEI 1
composite volcano
basaltic magma,

Poisonous gases cause acid rain, which affect families and cattle

27
Q

DRC - Nyiragongo
Primary effects

A

90 to 97 km/h lava flow
created fires
covered parts of airport runway
Covered 15% of city of Goma

28
Q

DRC - Nyiragongo
vulnerability

A

Years of civil war and violence in rural areas, cause many people to flee to cities like Goma making it high population

civil unrest also made rescue efforts.

warnings meant around 350,000 people fled the lava flow.

29
Q

DRC - Nyiragongo
Social effects

A

157 deaths

120,000 made homeless

half of hospitals damaged

lava covered part of Goma International Airport stop evacuation and aid restricted - long-term impact tourism and trade

infected disease, such as cholera spread because of lack of sanitation.

Looting

30
Q

DRC - Nyiragongo
Economic impact

A

$ 1.2 billion in economics loss

15% of city of Goma destroyed

aviation fuel stores exploded as lava flow, damaged

Major international aid response launched - one month after eruption, 350,000 people were depended on it due to loss of businesses and jobs

31
Q

DRC - Nyiragongo
Environmental impact

A

Poisonous gas causes acid

sulphurous haze

cloud of smoke, adversely affect mountain gorillas

carbon dioxide levels high

32
Q

DRC - Nyiragongo
Short term responses

A

400,000 people were evacuated but was slow.

Damage of Goma airport interrupted arrival of international aid.

UK Oxfam sent 33 tons of water cleaning equipment which stop people from drinking contaminated water and spread of disease.

WHO conducted an emergency measles vaccines for 28,000 children.

33
Q

DRC - Nyiragongo
Long-term responses

A

Preparation 30 new signs showing the early warning signs of a volcanic eruption

communities and schools now have evacuation drills

officials have been re-trained and provided evacuation plans.

Knowledge of similar volcanoes have encouraged volcanologist to measure carbon dioxide emissions from volcano and within lake kivu to predict when CO2 levels will become lethal (ppl can die from co2 poisoning)

34
Q

DRC - Nyiragongo
Prediction and preparation

A

The Observatoire Volcanique de Goma

Geography (12 decks)

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