Globalisation Part 2 Flashcards
reasons for population increase
natural increase - high birth rates and better healthcare - igramts are of child bearing age
migration (esp rural-urban)
why does rural-urban migration take place - push and pull factors
rural - poor infrastructure and investment,
urban - job opportunities better living standards (better access to higher education and healthcare)
how does shrinking world technology impact migration
satellites, tv/radio - switch on remote plaes and encourage ppl to move to urban areas due to media depictions and raised awareness of job opportunities
successful migrants share info
impact on Mumbai of rural-urban migration
pop doubled since 1970s to 22mil in 2015. as ppl from rural Bihar and Uttar Pradesh migrated. wealthy ceo’s and Bollywood actors drive up affluence and prices in the area. this means that some migrants cannot afford housing, therefore, go to slums
growth of megacities
1950 - 2 megacities Tokyo and NY developed country
28 in 2014 - 1/3 current megacities in developing and emerging - slums and squatter settlements e.g. mumbai, Karachi, sao paulo
social challenges of rapid urban growth
housing + education under pressure - Lagos doubles in size since 2000
Rising unemployment - Cairo unemployment 25%+ therefore more homeless therefore more slums as prices incr due to rising affluence of the employed - informal industry incr 50% pop Sao Paulo
poverty - half urban city dwellers live in poverty
private company provide wealthier areas better service
environ challenges of rapid urban growth
air pollution - 5th largest killer in India and new dehli worst by WHO
Informal housing - 40% of Sao Paulo living in 1600 favelas
increased traffic congestion - num of vehicles in New Delhi predicted to multiply by 5 btw 2010-2025
water pol - health conditions
Social challenges in Mumbai
Ruralto urban migrants cannot afford to travel to work and cannot afford to rent houses, therefore, live in Mumbai slums. This is unsafe and unhygienic, - in water Borne diseases and gangs.
Informal sector is booming, despite being illegal. A large portion of Daravi works in these. low pay, no Security no tax.
Tax free zones to encourage companies but without this income tax, as well as informal sector - less tax so cannot provide services for population as less money to reinvested back into Health and education, causing a cycle of poverty
Environmental challenges in Mumbai
Thin becomes overcrowded very high population density one of the highest populated density in the world, living space is expensive, very congested and businesses and people that can move to less conjested located, leaving spiral of decline behind.
Housing shortages in slum development, Mumbai
Population growth hard to keep pace cause housing shortage.
City authorities have no money to build housing as less tax
private companies are put off because of government limits to maximum rent
people live in cheap settlements away from work which means more congestion from traffic and those who cannot afford that going to slums Conditions are awful. Dharavi has problems with water supply and sanitation as the area becomes more affluent. The land taken up by slums is more valuable and therefore owners want to clear it.
Water supply and waste disposal
A bit of suburbs of private water supplied by Private company
60% of the Mumbai population uses communal taps. What is a ration in slums of 1 million people only access standpipe at 5:30 in the morning for two hours and no water supply when power cuts.
no sewage system, so waste is left in rivers and streams causes waterborne diseases.
Air Pollution and traffic
1.8 million cars - Mumbai roads frequently gridlocked, traffic congestion
90% of pop travel by railroad and car put strain on railway system as population has increased and very large distances travel to get to work
trains and buses overcrowded and 3500 people die on Mumbai railway each year.
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What is a global hub?
Hubs in global network which has major influence and political and economic decisions. Where most investment takes place for example, london or Shanghai
attracts of flows of internal and international economic migrants because they’re well-connected and provide lots of opportunity. 
What is an elite migrant?
Minority population group of combination of highest levels of wealth, skills, and social status, political influence and cultural significance
HSMP programme
How much is it to get a elite visa, UK
2 million
Advantages of Russian oligarchs investing visa
Can we invested into healthcare education - long-term social development
can help invest businesses, help, expand, and employ new people causes multiplier effect
How many how much of a residential purchases between 2004 and 2014 went to Russian
1/3
Disadvantages of Russian oligarchs investing visas
Foreign ownership of residential properties make housing expensive people are displaced and have to move elsewhere.
Foreign ownership means greater reliance on foreign nationals
sanctions on Russian oligarchs have now reduced amount of Russian ownership in order to prevent money laundering.
Low-wage international migrants adv and disadv
Thousand jobs shortages for the sample Qatar has more population of 2 million and therefore 90% of their workforce is migrants however, they can be exploited
Host, country costs
Arrival new people cause friction and social tensions and lose cultural identity
clustering segregate areas of similar ethnic backgrounds again reinforce stigmas.
Cost of educating children increases pressure on education system.
Some industries are higher dependent on migrants so suffered shortages during Brexit.
Increased people mean more pressure on resources
Host, region benefits
New food, music, cultural experiences and culture, diversification introduces new ideas and practices can improve efficiency of current practises
Labour surplus people take on undesirable jobs so services can continue
Fills skill gaps of fields, for example in healthcare
multiethnic society, an influx of new revitalise providers, and growth of ethnic retailers 
Source region costs
Loss of young adult labour force deters investment by private organisations, result in spinal decline as fewer employment opportunities
loss of skills in entrepreneurs slows economic development,
perceived benefits of migration, encourage other young economically active people to migrate causes an unstable social structure, resulting in vulnerable aging population, without enough youth to care for them
Disproportionately more female left behind
Source region benefits
Fumigants or working age, so less competition and therefore less unemployment
returning migrants revitalise the home economy
remittances cause multiplier effect and less pressure on government benefits
decrease population decreases pressure on resources
Social Impacts of Deindustrialisation
unemployment = depop = fewer services needed = more unemploy (spiral of decline) = poverty and less tax for services = more crime
long term unemployed = gap in cvand skill loss = harder to get back into employment
loss of culture and community as depop and work changes
zero hours - hours are not guaranteed
Redcar:
how may job losses
how many ppl claim unemployment benefits
2200 job loss
2500 benefits
Environ Impact of Deindustrialisation
contamination from industrialisation left brownfield sites (dereliction) and infertile land
Redcar - 175 yrs to clean up as contamination 10m down
what is cultural diffusion
due to increased interconnectedness - cultures will influence others and in turn, be
influenced themselves - increasing cross-
border movement of goods, services, capital, technology,
people and ideas, .
How has globalisation accelerated cultural diffusion?
global media corporations e.g. BBC World Service - soft power - western companies disproportionately large influence
e.g. Christmas and Halloween consumerisation influenced by Disney shows
TNCs increase in global products - Starbucks
tourism and migration
internet and social media - vlogs from foreign countries
Hybridisation
when two cultures meet, they may adapt and merge to create a new type of culture.- e.g. Texmec
Homogenisation
The process of people, products and places becoming the same. It creates a ‘global village’
where ‘places everywhere are becoming the same’
How many of global lang will disappear by 2100.
1/2 of 6000
rise of Globish – a form of basic English consisting of about 1500 words - lingua franca
How do other cultures influence English compared to French
India - ‘pyjama’ and an addition of 26 Korean words into new edition of oxford dictionary
french v. protective over language - language policy means that the use of French is required by law in commercial and workplace communications
Cultural landscape:
The landscape of a place
that has been shaped over time in
characteristics ways by the combined action of natural and human processes.
Pessimistic hyperglobalisers
concerned
that cultures are being eroded and
ecosystems are becoming devalued as result.
Optimistic hyperglobalisers
think that
globalisation and cultural erosion can bring
positive change on a worldwide scale.
World social Forum point of view on globalisation
It is an open meeting place with social movement networks. NGOs and other Silva said to commit oppose the new liberalism, and the world is dominated by capital or any form of imperialism debate ideas, democratically and formulate proposals.
In Oxford, executive director suggested that current inequalities has been driven by a paragraph by a few wellfields, who have co-opted their political system to rig the rules of economic system
World economic forum point of view on globalisation
2500 business leaders and head of state for me to make deals and discuss global issues and FDI and trade are made.
DC globalisation as a means to drive, economic growth and cooperation
They called shall continue and different responses, culture, diversity and change
Melting pot or hybridisation like london ,
pluralism - EU nations tall is equal rights for migrants to Practice religious and cultural beliefs.
Citizenship testing - stricter regulations for migration
Assimilation, the belief that minority traits disappear as host of values are adopted - France cannot wear religious symbols.
Internet censorship prevent citizens from learning by other global view, points using online sources, such as China,
religious, intolerance, notably lower levels of religious freedom eg Iran
Close door - stopping any immigration or together for fear of cultural dilution, Cambodia, the Pol Pot years 
How is France protective over its culture?
40% of television output must consist of French productions. French language must be use in workplaces.
How is China protective of its culture?
Prevent Internet users from using BBC or Facebook services
Strict quota of 34 foreign films a yr
How is culture, tourism damaging for indigenous people of Omo Valley?
They must dress up in culturally significant outfits and face paint in order, to earn photo money. For example, the Suri woman paint their faces and put flowers in their hair, even though this is usually kept for weddings.
The objectification of the tribal practices is the degrading
How are tribal, lifestyles and papa, new guinea being lost
There are 7000 different culture groups, but the customs and languages are being lost. One reason it is because of intermarriages between different culture groups which means language is not passed on
people move out to urban areas to work in plantations during colonialisation leaving behind their villages. 
How does loss of ecosystem increase opposition to globalisation in India? And argument against
over 100 Indian cities dump, untreated sewage directly into the river Ganges. This results in cholera waterborne diseases, as well as eutrophication. This may be due to over population and a lack of infrastructure.
Some people argue that with the development caused by globalisation, the money can be reinvested into the environment cause Kuznets Curve
Globalisation, optimistic
People have a choice
culture evolves
cultural fusion for example America or Japanese culture.
Greater understanding - there have been no global conflicts in over half a century improved equality.
Some believed exposure to western culture has positive impact. For example, the Paralympics
Globalisation, persimmistic
It undermines diversity it is not inclusive. For example, developed countries can invest money to preserve culture was developing countries are more likely to lose tears..
censored culture - National governments can choose to filter exposure to China
undermines national economies national produces can’t compete with large international companies. These TNCs are concentrated in developed countries adding to inequalities
Less choice - decreasing number of multinationals offering popular culture means less choice for consumers and potentially less value for money
Economic measures of development
GDP value of goods and services produced
by country
GNI - GDP + Foreign earnings
economic sector balance composition - percentage contribution of primary secondary tertiary and quaternary jobs.
PPP purchasing power parity reflect cost of living
Economic measures of development limitations
Not easy to calculate, for example, developing countries have large, informal sector is e.g. Dharavi
Hard to compare quality of life, provided by the money, as the PPP is not always used
It doesn’t show if wealth has helped develop the country. For example, Caribbean islands, e.g. Antigua wealth from tourism second homes et cetera have increased wealth but not increased wealth of residents
What is the development continuum?
Varying levels of development between countries
different spatial scales international regional local
Validity and reliability
Must be broad agreement that measures of the development has relevance
Should be trustworthy
Example of country with misleading data, GDP
China, a second biggest GDP,
but due to its higher population GDP per capita put China at 67th
Types of poverty, relative versus absolute
Absolute poverty. One household income is below necessary level needed for basic living standards, $1.90 per day.
Relative poverty, household income is a certain percentage below medium income
What is considered a relative poverty in the UK?
60% below the medium
£19,800 per year
Social indicators
Infant mortality rates number of deaths of infants below one years old per year per 1000 live births
Gender inequality, index
What is included in the gender inequality index
Reproductive health, maternal mortality adolescent fertility. This gives an idea of healthcare and access of contraceptives.
Empowerment number female parliamentary seats
percentage of females with a higher education
Labour force participation
Rwanda, example of GII
First female, majority in parliament, 61.3%.
HDI, advantages and disadvantages
Includes life expectancy GNI expected years of schooling, versus mean years of schooling
Advantage, composite holistic approach, shows how GNI has help socially objective and can be compared
Disadvantage does not look at environmental costs
countries measure differently data or some don’t have the resources to measure data
does not consider internal inequalities
Social indicators disadvantage
Some aspects hard to quantify, for example, freedom of speech
Hard to illustrate internal inequalities in healthcare education
In many low income countries, data is unavailable as there are no resources to measure development and to pay people to do this
Some social indicators are crude frozen for birth rate and death rates which are affected the other factors such as culture or aging populations
Environmental indicators
EPI environment, performance index
AQI air quality index
What does Kuznet’s curve suggest
suggest that as a country industrialises its environment becomes more degraded, but as it becomes developed and post industrial, invest back into the environment
What is the EPI?
Distills data on many stainable issues, always uses the most up-to-date data and expand the scope of sustainability scorecards as new research emerges
0 to 100 scale worst to best
How was EPI measured 2022 and what was the U.K.’s rank?
UK. second
40 performance indicators put into 11 issue categories and three policies: environmental health, ecosystem vitality, and climate change
- Sustainability goals, for example
UN goals for global development
Stop poverty, quality of education, water and sanitation zero hunger
How is inequality measured?
Lorenz curve and Gini coefficient
How to interpret the Lorenz Curve
line of perf equality and Lorenz Curve - axis: cumulative % of income (y-axis) and pop (x-axis)
greater gap btw line of perf equality and curve = more inequal
Good visual rep
How to interpret Gini Coeff? Why?
Gives quantitative measure to compare
0-1 (0 = perf equality) (1 = perf inequality)
Adv and Disadv of Gini
Adv: good to compare
inequality gives better idea of the economic state of a country than a single mean - GNI
Disadv: only 1/3 countries publish
sm gov not pay attention or do not want inequality published as their policies’ will be doubted
Wealth Inequality in the World
Poorest 50% = 2% of wealth
Richest 10% = 76% of wealth
Historical Reasons for Inequality
after WW2 - western nations econ grew as they had industrial resources and wealth to invest in industrialisation. ex colonies did not
1970s high-income inequality btw developed and developing
from 1980s - developing increase wealth so global inequal decr
but the rich get richer so incr inequal in a country
Econ Win / Loss Global
Win - 2000s emerging econ develop
due to eco policies - open door China
Globalisation, deregulation, information, technology, revolution, expansion of trade, capital flow, and global supply chains
Least developed are switched off, therefore gap between emerging and developing countries emerge whilst the cat between developed and emerging economies are closing
Growth of European economies, compare to South Asian
South Asia, 549, percentage increase Europe, 149% increase between 2000 and 2021
Economic winners and losers national?
Increasing numbers of TNCs and billionaires in South Asian countries for sample, Tata wealth is not equally distributed as affluence increases people with lower incomes are unable to keep up and therefore struggle for basic necessities
Developed countries are affected by deindustrialisation due to global shift and mechanisation
Emerging countries, there is a high income inequality as there are some wealthy business owners compared to people living in squatter settlements 
What usually happens with income inequality in emerging countries and stats
Usually income difference increases for example, India or China
in China, the richest 1% owns one third of all property and the richest provinces are in the south east where SEZ zones and port cities are
Anomaly to the income inequality difference in emerging countries
Brazil, there’s decrease in a quality nearly 0.6 Gini 2000, but 0.491 in 2015. 
Global inequalities, Continental
Africa
Switched on north-west Africa have an income increased due to outsourcing by French TNCs
coastal hugs like Lagos have grown
Switched off
Due to poverty, geographical, isolation, political, extremes, sub-Saharan countries have stagnant income levels
What is a diaspora?
Name given to the dispersal of a population overseas
Four Reasons for large immigration in the UK
Previous open borders in the EU
Deregulation took place in banking sector 1980s under Margaret Thatcher
Encouragement of FDI, which encourage TNCs in workers to move overseas
Humanitarian crisis is large numbers of refugees, fled to Europe since 2011
Postcolonial migration
Years reasons, pull and push factors and descriptions
1950s 60s and 70s
From former colonies, such as the Caribbean India or Pakistan
Pull factor was availability of work due to rebuilding industry in UK After WWII
push factor with poverty associated with decolonisation no visa restrictions for countries in British Commonwealth
during the 1960s UK textile industries. E.g. Manchester booming needed labour 750,000 Pakistanis watch acted by these pull factors.
Post accession migration
2004 after countries join the EU for example, Poland and Slovakia cause the flow of economic migrants eg Reading has a very large Polish population
arrival of 1 million eastern Europeans made a population grew by about 5 million between 2004 and 2015
20,21. How many people of England and Wales born outside the UK?
10 million about 17%
2011 census, which region did white British people first become a minority?
London
Examples of diaspora within the UK
Clustering of Minority groups in certain areas known as ghettoisation
Balham in London is a Polish community from the Polish for a ride in 1940s. Shopkeepers have adapted and started cultural shops. However, due to high birth rates due to culture carriers increase pressure on school
Examples of British diaspora in Europe
Mediterranean, coastline, France, Italy and Spain, 1990s
British enclaves found thro local ethnoscapes features, such as bars and Cafes
however, poor behaviour of some younger Brits have sometimes strained cultural relations with indigenous communities e.g. Calella
Which policies have increased speed of cultural mixing
Open borders
EU Schengen agreement gave workers freedom of movement leads to more competitive job market in some countries, particularly after 2004 eight countries joined an increase of econ migration into Western Europe in countries from eastern European
deregulation
Encourages foreign companies to invest allows industries to quote from wider poll of labour may increase competition for jobs. FDI encourage to flow more easily.
Rise of anti-immigration political parties in Europe
UK Brexit vote 2016 to leave one reason was to control the pace immigration
Increase anti-immigration, political parties rising popularity since 2010 for the sample UKIP in the UK and Front National in France
Tensions surrounding migration
Attention stem from people experiencing of perceiving injustice
Due to level in speed of international migration, there seems to be a perceived link between migration and oppression housing shortage of school places, increased competition for jobs and loss of national identity. This has led to the rise of nationalism in Europe.
What is extremism what is terrorism?
Extremism is holding extreme views, usually political or religious
Terrorism, using violence or intimidation in the pursuit of political or religious aims
What is populist extremism?
Rejects, the current political consensus
in Europe, right wing populism used to describe political parties with opposition to immigration.
For example, the English defence league is far right Islamophobic employs street demonstrations
BNP far right fascist political party
Who usually supports populist ideas
Economically insecure, lower middle class, citizens and skilled and unskilled manual workers feel threatened by the influx of migrants
Feel less motivated due to increase economic competition and rising diversity threatens national culture
What is transboundary water conflicts?
Some tensions are about the flow of goods, such as water, and of pollutants
conflict is most likely in developing nations with water is vital to feed struggling growing population and promote industrial development
Mekong, river transboundary water conflict
Runs through six countries, including China Vietnam Thailand impact over 300 million people
2020 countries commission plan to build over 200 dams on river and its tributaries Cambodia and Vietnam, which on the lower course of the river are concerned because they’re likely to receive much lower flow rate of the dams go ahead
Mekong river agreement established in 1995, tries to manage conflict in the future. It is a treaty signed by all except China.
Helsinki rules
International guidelines to help manage tensions not enforced by law. But state all countries that border water resource should have equal share in it and an equal responsibility to protect it from pollution is all structural changes such as dams need to be agreed by all countries before they go ahead.
Different players, Mekong river
China, and half the length of Mekong Basin is mountainous for sale than is in one of China’s poorest regions, damning river to generate hydroelectric power can encourage economic development there
Myanmar least affected only has some tributaries, and would be affected by dam
Dial and 36% of territory within Mekong Basin for Thailand, once it for water and electricity generation for industrial development
Leo is one of the worlds poorest countries, 90% of population depends on Mekong for agriculture dams for hydroelectricity would reduce the flow downstream
Cambodia, nearly all of Cambodia within the Mekong Basin depends on river for crucial annual flooding of its rice. Growing areas. Lack of reliable energy sources lead to depletion of forests. Hydroelectricity would boost countries economic development, but also displaced farmers from fertile land beside river.
Vietnam Mekong Delta is fertile area supports 40% of Vietnam, population aanya floods, allow large amount of rice to be grown dams upstream reduce with a flow to Vietnam 10% has already been lost
Attempts to limit migration into UK
Since 2008, five tier points system in UK to control immigration EU make immigration cannot be controlled whilst UK was a member
New Brexit, immigration rules
Ending free movement, introduced immigration, bill, firm, and fair points, based system, attract high skilled workers. EU a non-EU citizens will be treated equally give top priority to those with high skills and greatest talent,
not introduce a general low skilled or temporary work route. Focus economy away from reliance on cheap labour from Europe, instead concentrate on investment in technology and automation
Initiatives also are put forward for scientists graduates, NHS workers and providing businesses, with addition of flexibility in the short a term.
Censorship in China and North Korea
China’s Great Fire war in China Internet very widely used by about 65% of population 2020 however, such as for politically sensitive subjects, get no results because of China communist party seeks to prevent unhelpful discussion
state-controlled censorship print publishing of broadcasting is run by official state media
State monitored, oversee, contacts and media and monitored and censored
Internet banned in North Korea as supreme leader, Kim Jong un. Does no one people having access to western ideas.
Trade protectionism, Brexit and Trump
Protection is an economic policy, limiting trade between countries for tariffs on imported goods, under strict quotas
20005 EU briefly band, cheap Chinese textiles
Trump tariffs- series of tariffs imposed during presidency of Donald Trump as part of the Econ policy for example on solar panels and washing machines and data into on steel is an aluminium. The only country is exempt from steel and aluminium. Tariffs are Australia and Argentina.
