Tectonics facts Flashcards
example of a divergent plate boundary w/ oceanic crust
- mid atlantic ridge
2. 3km long
what % of earthquakes occur on pacific ring of fire
70%
name some characteristics of continental crust
30-50km thick
-layer of granite, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks floating on mantle
how many volcanos are there in the world and how many erupt each year
500
-50 yearly
name some characteristics of oceanic crust
6-8km thick
- thinner and composed of several layers
- top layer composed of basalt
how much do plates move a year
5-15 cm
what is james huttons theory of the earth
- 1785
- realised erosion, deposition and uplift were connected and these processes operate continuously
- driven by earths internal heat
why is nepal prone to earthquakes and how big was the 2015 Earthquake
sits on continental meets contental plate boundary between eurasian and india plates and is a conservative boundary where two continental plates collide
-2015 7.8 mag earthquake
example of fold mountains
himalayas
name 3 types of plate boundary
convergent-destructive margins
divergent- constructive margins
conservative- transform margins
example of rift valley
east african rift valley, divergent plate boundary with continental crust
what % of earthquakes are along plate boundaries
95%
examples of secondary effects of an earthquake
- landslides or avalanches
- tsunamis
- liquefaction
what was the main reason for damage in lloma prieta
rock type- softer rock amplifies the effects of the earthquake
- the marina district was built on soft sandy soil which amplified ground shaking and liquified causing buildings to collapse
- the area of the freeway built on bedrock did not collapse
give example of transform fault and how big was the last earthquake here
san andreas
1906- 8.3
what are pyroclastic flows
how fast flow?
how hot?
- mixture of hot dense rock, lava, ash and gases ejected
- destroys everything in paths
- much faster than lava flows as they are 100km/h
- 700 degrees
what kind of plate boundary was the loma prieta earthquake on
conservative
when was the loma prieta earthquake
1989
what are lava flows
how hot??
- streams of lava erupt onto earths surface, destroy everything in path but not generally life threatening as its slow moving
- 1170 degrees and take years to cool
what are lahars and how fast do they flow
vary in size and speed can we 100m’s wide and travel 10m/s so too fast to outrun
A lahar is a mudflow composed mainly of volcanic debris and water. They are formed when rainwater washes away the volcanic ash on a volcano slope. Sometimes caused lahars when crater lakes leak. Lahars are among the biggest risks of a volcanic eruption
over last 300 years how many have died due to volcanic hazards
260,000
how many evacuated in iceland eruption
700
how much did airlines lose in iceland eruption
$1.7 billion
how high did the plume of very fine volcanic ash of icelands volcano go
33,000 ft
which spread over west europe
how many passengers unable to board flights in icelandic eruption
10 million
how much did europe economy lose in iceland eruption
$5 billion
when was the eyjafjallajokull eruption
march to april 2010
what is DART
tsunami monitoring system
DART Deep ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis
how do scientists predict eruptions
use equipment such as GPS and satalite based radar placed on and around a volcano to monitor the signs:
such as surface volcano swelling due to magma
where did the 2004 indian ocean tsunami hit
MANY COUNTRIES such as: -malaysia -thailand -sri lanka -sumatra
how many people died in indian ocean tsunami
300,000
how many commercial flights cancelled in icelandic eruption
100,000
how many villages destroyed in sumatra 2004
1500
how many left homeless in sumatra in 2004
700,000
how many structures in somalia were damaged by 2004 tsunami
2000
how much did tourist industry lose in 2004 in thailand and how many lost their jobs
$25 million a month
120,000 lost jobs
why could next earthquake at san andreas be big
100 years since last one so a lot of stress will have built up and because it is shallow focus it will have large impact
what was the overall cost of the 2004 indian ocean tsunami
$10 billion
when does a hazard become a disaster
The CRED (centre for research on the epidemology of disasters) states that a hazard becomes a disaster when 10 or more people die or 100 people effected
define hazard
percieved natural/ geophysical event that has the potential to threaten both life and property
how can you reduce vulnerability
- putting protective measures in place eg defences
- providing aid to people in poor countries
- specialised infrastructure
where did the 2004 indian ocean tsunami badly hit first and how large was the earthquake that caused it and how much did it displace the ocean floor
Sumatra after 15 minutes
-estimated 9.0 magnitude earthquake heaved ocean floor up 15m sending out shock waves
what was the environmental impact of 2004 indian ocean tsunami
- ecosystems such as mangroves destroyed
- vegetation and top soil moved 800m inland
- freshwater supplies contaminated by salt water
what was the number of people dead and missing of the 2010 haiti earthquake
316,000
what % of villagers killed in coastal villages in tsunami 2004
70%
what % of people over 60 live in less developed regions
66%
what factors does PAR model include
pressure and release model
1= root causes eg limited access to resources or ideolgies
2= dynamic pressures such as lack of training and skills or macro forces such as deforestation or population growth
3= unsafe conditions such as fragile economy, environment, particular groups at risk
what is the GDP per capita in Haiti
$1300
what was the number of injuries of the 2010 haiti earthquake
300,000
what was the number of injuries of the 2008 china earthquake
375,000
what was the magnitude of the 2011 japan earthquake and tsunami
9.0
how many injured in 2011 japan
6,065
why was it hard to access coastal communities in 2004 IOTsunami
jetties had been washed away and much of the infrastructure lost
what % of sri lankas industrial infrastructure and fishing fleet destroyed
60%
what was the economic cost of the 2010 haiti earthquake
$14 billion
what is the GDP per capita in japan
$39, 473
what was the magnitude of the 2008 china earthquake
7.9
what was the number of people dead and missing of the 2008 china earthquake
87,000
what is japans hazard risk score
although exposed to hazards it is ranked 133rd of 190 nations thanks to strong coping capacity and lower levels of vulnerability
what was the number of newly homeless people in the 2008 china earthquake
5 million
what % of earthquakes in world effect japan
30%
what is the GDP per capita in china
$6600
how many children were separated from familes in japan earthquake
due to timing- 100,000
what was the economic cost of japans 2011 E + T
$240 billion
how many more passengers did eurostar see after icelandic eruption
50,000
how was fukishima power plant effect by the japan earthquake and tsunami
nuclear plant- hydrogen explosion at unit 3 which destroyed upper reactor building due to water getting in. led to 20km exclusion zone
what was the number of newly homeless people in the 2010 haiti earthquake
1.3 million
number of dead and missing in 2011 japan earthquake and tsunami
19,000
how many made homeless in japan earthquake and tsunami
130,000
what was the economic cost of china earthquake
$125.6 billion
how many children were killed in 2008 china earthquake
5335
how big is the sea wall in japan and how much of the coast does it cover
40%
10 meter high
when and how big was the aftershock of the china earthquake
5.0
2 years later
how many households lost electricity in japan
4.4 million
how many relief workers died during china earthquake
200
how many tonnes of debris left over from earthquake and tsunami in japan
25 million tonnes
how many buildings destroyed in japan earthquake
300,000
what was the magnitude of the 2010 haiti earthquake
7.0
how much did chinese gov pledge to rebuild
$10 billion
within 2 weeks already rebuidling
how many people lost homes in haiti earthquake
in 2015 how many still homeless
1.5 million
2015 80,000 still displaced
what % in haiti live in poverty
75%
what % of chinas gdp do the 2 regions worst hit acount for
45%
how much did the japan earthquake in 2011 cause the north island to move
15cm North East Tokyo
how many troupes released in 2011 japan earthquake
110,000
how much in aid was donated to Haiti
how much of this stayed with US and how much to Haiti Gov
$13 billion
of this 70% stayed with US companies and only 2% to Haitians
what is the VEI
volcanic explosivity index
-relative measure of explosiveness of volcanic eruption
-which is calculated from volume of products (ejecta), height of eruption cloud and qualitative observations
where was most effected by the haiti 2010 earthquake
hispaniola
how many seismographs do they have in japan
how many seismic intensity meters do they have
200
600
compare the death toll in Japan earthquake to economic cost
lower death toll in comparison 15,893
higher cost $240 billion
how many struggled with after effects of 2010 earthquakes cholera outbreak
killed 7000 affected 720,000
what is the overall trend with economic cost in natural disasters
increasing cost
in 1990 $20 billion
this increased by $100 billion a year between 2000 and 2010
how many deaths do typhoon caused between 1960-2015
45,200
how hot are pyroclastic flows and how fast do they travel
-700 degrees
much faster than lava flows as they are 100km/h
how much higher is death toll from disasters in low income countries
-3x higher in lower income countries
when talking about factors influencing vulnerability and resilience of a community which 3 factors should you include
Development-
education, housing, healthcare, income oppertunities
Governance-
local, national
Geographical location factors-
pop. density, isolation/accesibility, degree of urbanisation
how did japans energy mix change after the earthquake
before 27% was from nuclear
after- 44 reactors shut down and only 1% of energy was from a nuclear source
compare the death toll in Haiti earthquake to economic cost
higher death toll in comparison 230,000
$14 billion
how many typhoons do the philippines get each year
-south east asia typhoon belt 15 typhoons a year
2 years after china earthquake what % of planned reconstruction finished
and what % of farm houses in rural areas badly effect rebuilt
-97%
99% of destroyed farmhouses rebuilt
how hot are lava flows
1170 degrees and take years to cool
by 2014 how was japans energy mix changing
high electricity prices from FFuels led to the reintroduction of nuclear power which now makes up 20-22%
what % live in poverty in philippines
25%
what were the effects of the 2006 earthquake in the Philippines
deaths
injured
damaged or destroyed buildings
15 deaths
inhured 100
destroyed 800
in California, when was the last time more than 100 died in disaster
1933 Long beach earthquake
in japan price of electricity go up by following the 2011 earthquake
price of electricity went up by 20%
how much does airfreight make up uk trade
and how much value
0.5% UK trade by weight but 25% by value
how much did the icelandic eruption cost countries such as Kenya and Zambia who provide fruit to Europe
$65 million
how many natural disasters was the Philippines hit by in 2013
three within three months
how many did typhoon haiyan in November 2013 kill
6201
floods from tropical depression killed how many in jan 2014
64 people
how many died in nepal earthquake
8600
how much did 2015 nepal earthqauke cost
$5 billion 25% of their gdp
how many left homeless in 2015 nepal earthquake
3 million
what does crisis mapping do
all stages of hazard management cycle
accurately maps areas struck
this links to GPS trackers by cyclists in Nepal who went to remote villiages and got info on quality of buildings.
example of when diverting lava flows was successful
successful in 1983 Mount etna
how many left homeless in the 2005 Pakistan earthquake
3.5 million left homeless
how did ngos help in the 2005 Pakistan earthquake
-provided over 500,000 tents and blankets and safe water for 700,000 and helped w/ emergency medical care eg Red Cross
where is haiti located that makes it vulnerable
on fault between north america and carribean plates
why were haiti not prepared for earthquake
- pollitical corruption
- lack of building regulations
- little eductation
- little access to healthcare in rural areas
environmental impacts of haiti earthquake
- fires from cables
- deforestation from both earthquake and to make temp. camps
- landslides
positive outcome of Haiti earthquake
- new homes and infrastructure such as roads built to better standard than before
- health statistics improved
how did hurricane sandy effect recovery efforts in haiti
2013
slowed recovery
