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A Level Geography > Tectonics facts > Flashcards

Tectonics facts Flashcards

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1
Q

example of a divergent plate boundary w/ oceanic crust

A
  • mid atlantic ridge

2. 3km long

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2
Q

what % of earthquakes occur on pacific ring of fire

A

70%

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3
Q

name some characteristics of continental crust

A

30-50km thick

-layer of granite, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks floating on mantle

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4
Q

how many volcanos are there in the world and how many erupt each year

A

500

-50 yearly

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5
Q

name some characteristics of oceanic crust

A

6-8km thick

  • thinner and composed of several layers
  • top layer composed of basalt
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6
Q

how much do plates move a year

A

5-15 cm

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7
Q

what is james huttons theory of the earth

A
  • 1785
  • realised erosion, deposition and uplift were connected and these processes operate continuously
  • driven by earths internal heat
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8
Q

why is nepal prone to earthquakes and how big was the 2015 Earthquake

A

sits on continental meets contental plate boundary between eurasian and india plates and is a conservative boundary where two continental plates collide
-2015 7.8 mag earthquake

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9
Q

example of fold mountains

A

himalayas

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10
Q

name 3 types of plate boundary

A

convergent-destructive margins
divergent- constructive margins
conservative- transform margins

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11
Q

example of rift valley

A

east african rift valley, divergent plate boundary with continental crust

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12
Q

what % of earthquakes are along plate boundaries

A

95%

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13
Q

examples of secondary effects of an earthquake

A
  • landslides or avalanches
  • tsunamis
  • liquefaction
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14
Q

what was the main reason for damage in lloma prieta

A

rock type- softer rock amplifies the effects of the earthquake

  • the marina district was built on soft sandy soil which amplified ground shaking and liquified causing buildings to collapse
  • the area of the freeway built on bedrock did not collapse
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15
Q

give example of transform fault and how big was the last earthquake here

A

san andreas

1906- 8.3

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16
Q

what are pyroclastic flows
how fast flow?
how hot?

A
  • mixture of hot dense rock, lava, ash and gases ejected
  • destroys everything in paths
  • much faster than lava flows as they are 100km/h
  • 700 degrees
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17
Q

what kind of plate boundary was the loma prieta earthquake on

A

conservative

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18
Q

when was the loma prieta earthquake

A

1989

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19
Q

what are lava flows

how hot??

A
  • streams of lava erupt onto earths surface, destroy everything in path but not generally life threatening as its slow moving
  • 1170 degrees and take years to cool
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20
Q

what are lahars and how fast do they flow

A

vary in size and speed can we 100m’s wide and travel 10m/s so too fast to outrun

A lahar is a mudflow composed mainly of volcanic debris and water. They are formed when rainwater washes away the volcanic ash on a volcano slope. Sometimes caused lahars when crater lakes leak. Lahars are among the biggest risks of a volcanic eruption

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21
Q

over last 300 years how many have died due to volcanic hazards

A

260,000

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22
Q

how many evacuated in iceland eruption

A

700

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23
Q

how much did airlines lose in iceland eruption

A

$1.7 billion

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24
Q

how high did the plume of very fine volcanic ash of icelands volcano go

A

33,000 ft

which spread over west europe

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25
Q

how many passengers unable to board flights in icelandic eruption

A

10 million

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26
Q

how much did europe economy lose in iceland eruption

A

$5 billion

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27
Q

when was the eyjafjallajokull eruption

A

march to april 2010

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28
Q

what is DART

A

tsunami monitoring system

DART Deep ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis

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29
Q

how do scientists predict eruptions

A

use equipment such as GPS and satalite based radar placed on and around a volcano to monitor the signs:
such as surface volcano swelling due to magma

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30
Q

where did the 2004 indian ocean tsunami hit

A 
MANY COUNTRIES
such as:
-malaysia
-thailand
-sri lanka
-sumatra
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31
Q

how many people died in indian ocean tsunami

A

300,000

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32
Q

how many commercial flights cancelled in icelandic eruption

A

100,000

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33
Q

how many villages destroyed in sumatra 2004

A

1500

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34
Q

how many left homeless in sumatra in 2004

A

700,000

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35
Q

how many structures in somalia were damaged by 2004 tsunami

A

2000

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36
Q

how much did tourist industry lose in 2004 in thailand and how many lost their jobs

A

$25 million a month

120,000 lost jobs

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37
Q

why could next earthquake at san andreas be big

A

100 years since last one so a lot of stress will have built up and because it is shallow focus it will have large impact

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38
Q

what was the overall cost of the 2004 indian ocean tsunami

A

$10 billion

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39
Q

when does a hazard become a disaster

A

The CRED (centre for research on the epidemology of disasters) states that a hazard becomes a disaster when 10 or more people die or 100 people effected

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40
Q

define hazard

A

percieved natural/ geophysical event that has the potential to threaten both life and property

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41
Q

how can you reduce vulnerability

A
  • putting protective measures in place eg defences
  • providing aid to people in poor countries
  • specialised infrastructure
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42
Q

where did the 2004 indian ocean tsunami badly hit first and how large was the earthquake that caused it and how much did it displace the ocean floor

A

Sumatra after 15 minutes

-estimated 9.0 magnitude earthquake heaved ocean floor up 15m sending out shock waves

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43
Q

what was the environmental impact of 2004 indian ocean tsunami

A
  • ecosystems such as mangroves destroyed
  • vegetation and top soil moved 800m inland
  • freshwater supplies contaminated by salt water
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44
Q

what was the number of people dead and missing of the 2010 haiti earthquake

A

316,000

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45
Q

what % of villagers killed in coastal villages in tsunami 2004

A

70%

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46
Q

what % of people over 60 live in less developed regions

A

66%

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47
Q

what factors does PAR model include

A

pressure and release model
1= root causes eg limited access to resources or ideolgies
2= dynamic pressures such as lack of training and skills or macro forces such as deforestation or population growth
3= unsafe conditions such as fragile economy, environment, particular groups at risk

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48
Q

what is the GDP per capita in Haiti

A

$1300

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49
Q

what was the number of injuries of the 2010 haiti earthquake

A

300,000

50
Q

what was the number of injuries of the 2008 china earthquake

A

375,000

51
Q

what was the magnitude of the 2011 japan earthquake and tsunami

A

9.0

52
Q

how many injured in 2011 japan

A

6,065

53
Q

why was it hard to access coastal communities in 2004 IOTsunami

A

jetties had been washed away and much of the infrastructure lost

54
Q

what % of sri lankas industrial infrastructure and fishing fleet destroyed

A

60%

55
Q

what was the economic cost of the 2010 haiti earthquake

A

$14 billion

56
Q

what is the GDP per capita in japan

A

$39, 473

57
Q

what was the magnitude of the 2008 china earthquake

A

7.9

58
Q

what was the number of people dead and missing of the 2008 china earthquake

A

87,000

59
Q

what is japans hazard risk score

A

although exposed to hazards it is ranked 133rd of 190 nations thanks to strong coping capacity and lower levels of vulnerability

60
Q

what was the number of newly homeless people in the 2008 china earthquake

A

5 million

61
Q

what % of earthquakes in world effect japan

A

30%

62
Q

what is the GDP per capita in china

A

$6600

63
Q

how many children were separated from familes in japan earthquake

A

due to timing- 100,000

64
Q

what was the economic cost of japans 2011 E + T

A

$240 billion

65
Q

how many more passengers did eurostar see after icelandic eruption

A

50,000

66
Q

how was fukishima power plant effect by the japan earthquake and tsunami

A

nuclear plant- hydrogen explosion at unit 3 which destroyed upper reactor building due to water getting in. led to 20km exclusion zone

67
Q

what was the number of newly homeless people in the 2010 haiti earthquake

A

1.3 million

68
Q

number of dead and missing in 2011 japan earthquake and tsunami

A

19,000

69
Q

how many made homeless in japan earthquake and tsunami

A

130,000

70
Q

what was the economic cost of china earthquake

A

$125.6 billion

71
Q

how many children were killed in 2008 china earthquake

A

5335

72
Q

how big is the sea wall in japan and how much of the coast does it cover

A

40%

10 meter high

73
Q

when and how big was the aftershock of the china earthquake

A

5.0

2 years later

74
Q

how many households lost electricity in japan

A

4.4 million

75
Q

how many relief workers died during china earthquake

A

200

76
Q

how many tonnes of debris left over from earthquake and tsunami in japan

A

25 million tonnes

77
Q

how many buildings destroyed in japan earthquake

A

300,000

78
Q

what was the magnitude of the 2010 haiti earthquake

A

7.0

79
Q

how much did chinese gov pledge to rebuild

A

$10 billion

within 2 weeks already rebuidling

80
Q

how many people lost homes in haiti earthquake

in 2015 how many still homeless

A

1.5 million

2015 80,000 still displaced

81
Q

what % in haiti live in poverty

A

75%

82
Q

what % of chinas gdp do the 2 regions worst hit acount for

A

45%

83
Q

how much did the japan earthquake in 2011 cause the north island to move

A

15cm North East Tokyo

84
Q

how many troupes released in 2011 japan earthquake

A

110,000

85
Q

how much in aid was donated to Haiti

how much of this stayed with US and how much to Haiti Gov

A

$13 billion

of this 70% stayed with US companies and only 2% to Haitians

86
Q

what is the VEI

A

volcanic explosivity index
-relative measure of explosiveness of volcanic eruption

-which is calculated from volume of products (ejecta), height of eruption cloud and qualitative observations

87
Q

where was most effected by the haiti 2010 earthquake

A

hispaniola

88
Q

how many seismographs do they have in japan

how many seismic intensity meters do they have

A

200

600

89
Q

compare the death toll in Japan earthquake to economic cost

A

lower death toll in comparison 15,893

higher cost $240 billion

90
Q

how many struggled with after effects of 2010 earthquakes cholera outbreak

A

killed 7000 affected 720,000

91
Q

what is the overall trend with economic cost in natural disasters

A

increasing cost
in 1990 $20 billion
this increased by $100 billion a year between 2000 and 2010

92
Q

how many deaths do typhoon caused between 1960-2015

A

45,200

93
Q

how hot are pyroclastic flows and how fast do they travel

A

-700 degrees

much faster than lava flows as they are 100km/h

94
Q

how much higher is death toll from disasters in low income countries

A

-3x higher in lower income countries

95
Q

when talking about factors influencing vulnerability and resilience of a community which 3 factors should you include

A

Development-
education, housing, healthcare, income oppertunities

Governance-
local, national

Geographical location factors-
pop. density, isolation/accesibility, degree of urbanisation

96
Q

how did japans energy mix change after the earthquake

A

before 27% was from nuclear

after- 44 reactors shut down and only 1% of energy was from a nuclear source

97
Q

compare the death toll in Haiti earthquake to economic cost

A

higher death toll in comparison 230,000

$14 billion

98
Q

how many typhoons do the philippines get each year

A

-south east asia typhoon belt 15 typhoons a year

99
Q

2 years after china earthquake what % of planned reconstruction finished
and what % of farm houses in rural areas badly effect rebuilt

A

-97%

99% of destroyed farmhouses rebuilt

100
Q

how hot are lava flows

A

1170 degrees and take years to cool

101
Q

by 2014 how was japans energy mix changing

A

high electricity prices from FFuels led to the reintroduction of nuclear power which now makes up 20-22%

102
Q

what % live in poverty in philippines

A

25%

103
Q

what were the effects of the 2006 earthquake in the Philippines
deaths
injured
damaged or destroyed buildings

A

15 deaths
inhured 100
destroyed 800

104
Q

in California, when was the last time more than 100 died in disaster

A

1933 Long beach earthquake

105
Q

in japan price of electricity go up by following the 2011 earthquake

A

price of electricity went up by 20%

106
Q

how much does airfreight make up uk trade

and how much value

A

0.5% UK trade by weight but 25% by value

107
Q

how much did the icelandic eruption cost countries such as Kenya and Zambia who provide fruit to Europe

A

$65 million

108
Q

how many natural disasters was the Philippines hit by in 2013

A

three within three months

109
Q

how many did typhoon haiyan in November 2013 kill

A

6201

110
Q

floods from tropical depression killed how many in jan 2014

A

64 people

111
Q

how many died in nepal earthquake

A

8600

112
Q

how much did 2015 nepal earthqauke cost

A

$5 billion 25% of their gdp

113
Q

how many left homeless in 2015 nepal earthquake

A

3 million

114
Q

what does crisis mapping do

A

all stages of hazard management cycle
accurately maps areas struck
this links to GPS trackers by cyclists in Nepal who went to remote villiages and got info on quality of buildings.

115
Q

example of when diverting lava flows was successful

A

successful in 1983 Mount etna

116
Q

how many left homeless in the 2005 Pakistan earthquake

A

3.5 million left homeless

117
Q

how did ngos help in the 2005 Pakistan earthquake

A

-provided over 500,000 tents and blankets and safe water for 700,000 and helped w/ emergency medical care eg Red Cross

118
Q

where is haiti located that makes it vulnerable

A

on fault between north america and carribean plates

119
Q

why were haiti not prepared for earthquake

A
  • pollitical corruption
  • lack of building regulations
  • little eductation
  • little access to healthcare in rural areas
120
Q

environmental impacts of haiti earthquake

A
  • fires from cables
  • deforestation from both earthquake and to make temp. camps
  • landslides
121
Q

positive outcome of Haiti earthquake

A
  • new homes and infrastructure such as roads built to better standard than before
  • health statistics improved
122
Q

how did hurricane sandy effect recovery efforts in haiti

A

2013

slowed recovery

A Level Geography (12 decks)

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