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A Level Geography > Human Rights > Flashcards

Human Rights Flashcards

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1
Q

(Traditional measures of development)

what is the GDP

A

-the total value of goods and services a country produces a year. It reflects countries economic activity and broadly represents standard of living in country

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2
Q

(Traditional measures of development)

what is GDP per capita (PPP based)

A
  • GDP per capita adjusted according to purchasing power parity.
  • considers the difference in cost of living between countries usually compared to USA.
  • GDP divided by number of people in country giving mean measure of wealth perperson but disguised disparities between rich and poor
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3
Q

(Traditional measures of development)

what is GNI per capita

A

total amount of wealth created by country including income form exports
-since currency exchange rates vary, this measure can change considerably over time

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4
Q

what is the Human development index and who created it

A

-set up by united nations development programme in 1990 and it is a socio-economic measure of development. It is based on GDP, literacy rate and life expectancy. Deemed a better measure of development as it takes into account social factors

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5
Q

Alternative measures of development
what is the happy planet index?
who set it up

A
  • devised by new economic foundation
  • it combines the impact of the natural environment with the well-being of people +life expectancy.
  • It considers efficiency of resource use in improving lives without damaging the environment
  • no strong economic component.
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6
Q

Alternative measures of development

the world happiness index?

A

-considers dystopia (suffering) as a benchmark against which to measure a countries level of social support, generosity, life expectancy, corruption, GDP per capita + freedom to make choices

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7
Q

Alternative measures of development
The KOF index
what did it show in 2015

A
  • measures the strength of links between countries, using on economic, social and political criteria
  • it directly measures development as the countries with strongest links are likely to have development in terms of trade, investment and socio-economicpower

-KOF index showed economic and social glabalisation has slowed but political had increased in 2015.

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8
Q

Alternative measures of development

what is the freedom index

A

-considers political rights, civil liberties+ freedom status, in 2016 middle east and north africa (MENA) region had the least freedom with 72% of countries deemed ‘not free’

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9
Q

why does environmental quality effect wellbeing

A
  • environmental quality of air, water, land and environments people live in
  • pollution and environmental degradation has negative impact on peoples well-being.
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10
Q

how does human health effect well being

A
  • assessed through mortality rates which can be either age specific, which is from disease/natural disaster.
  • factors such as food or water security can lead to malnorishment which increases mortality rate
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11
Q

how does life expectancy effect well being

A
  • number of years new born baby expected to live based on living conditions they are born in dont change
  • indicator of health+ reflects living conditions +healthcare availability of area.
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12
Q

how do human rights effect well being

A

-human rights establishment in the UNs universal declaration of human rights (1948) they are the international codes but doesnt mean people rights are recognised in a country

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13
Q

education is central too _____ _____ (human capital) and to the understanding + assertion of human rights
why is this not a universally shared view

A
  • economic development
  • attitudes to gender equality in aducation vary and as both access to education and standards of achivement very greatly among countries
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14
Q

what is human capital

A

(economic development)
-the skills, knowledge and experience possessed by an individual or population, viewed in terms of their value or cost to an organisation or country

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15
Q

education improves literacy rates and this enables people to learn and communicate more widely
People are then able to understand…….

A

-the need for hygiene and healthcare
-ways to control family size
-how to become involved in decision making
know their rights

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16
Q

describe the differences between developed and developing countries in education

A

developed- attand primary school and secondary and many progress to higher education
developing- many children work on farms and manufacturing and improvements don’t come equally to females due to historical gender inequality.

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17
Q

what does UNESCO believe in terms of gender equality

A

gender equality can be achieved through education

-access to eductaion is restricted during times of internal conflict and religious beliefs.

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18
Q

-what is human development

A 
-development to do with creation and imporvement of living conditions, so people can 
>achieve full potential
>access education system
>live according to needs and interests
>live long happy life
>participate in economy
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19
Q

what does human developement not concentrate on

A

amount of money person gets.

-instead focuses on how much money is invested into people. eg medicine or military or education.

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20
Q

what does human development fight

A

inequalities and promotes all people regardless of gender, skin colour, origin ect.

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21
Q

define sustainable human development

A

creation of same oppertunities for next generation who have the same rights as parents

  • crucial aspect considering growth of population which causes higher consumption which damages environment (predicted population of 9 billion bu 2050)
  • more resources, cars, tech in demand so we need to change consumption
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22
Q

what are barriers to sustainable human development

A

social, economic, ethical and gender inequalties

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23
Q

what are the positives of measuring GNI/ GDP

A

easy comparison of countries as measured in US$

straight forward to calculate

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24
Q

negatives of measuring GNI/GDP

A

productive activities such as subsistance farming and informal jobs not included in GDP

  • measures economic wealth only and assume this is the only way to improve quality of life
  • assumes economic wealth is evenly distributed. wealth lies in hands of few
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25
Q

why are there variations in human health andd life expectancy

A
  • maternal mortality-number of babies that die before age of 1 and deaths during childbirth. infant mortality can bring down the average LE
  • lack of food-malnutrition and starvation many more people die young
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26
Q

variations of life expectancy in developed world

A
  • differences in lifestyle-obesity leading to cancer heart disease and infertility
  • differences in deprivation-access to free housing/healthcare
  • cost and effectivness of healthcare
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27
Q

how much of Australias population are indigenous

A

3%

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28
Q

why has the health of aboriginals been effected

A
  • loosing connectivity with the land and people

- live in remote areas with little access to healthcare

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29
Q

how much shorter is life expectancy of aboriginals

A

10 years shorter

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30
Q

what is the infant mortality of aboriginals compared to non indigenous

A

twice as high

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31
Q

how many times more is type 2 diabetes likely in aboriginals

A

3x more prevalent

responsible for 7x more deaths

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32
Q

how many times more are aboriginals likely to suffer from psychological distress and what is this due to

A

3x

-due to exposure to drugs, gambling and unemployment

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33
Q

how many more times likely is it that aboriginals will develop kidney or respiratory failure and TB

A

12x

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34
Q

what % of aboriginals have a vitimin D deficiency

A

27%

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35
Q

What are the UN millennium development goals

A

8 international goals for the year 2015 that were established in 2000 including eradicating hunger and poverty reduce infant mortality, improve maternal health ect.
-by 2015 the end of MDGs saw the agenda for sustainable development goals

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36
Q

what was good about the Millennium development goals

A
  • increase in girls in primary education
  • 91% primary enrolement in developing regions
  • number living in extreme poverty since 1990 has halved
  • gains in fight against aids, malaria ect
  • maternal mortality down 45%
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37
Q

what wasn’t good about the MDG’s

A

One of the major MDG failures is the fact that the success of the goals was not experienced equally across the globe
-not many were actually met and they weren’t statistical goals

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38
Q

why were the SDGoals better than the MDGs

A

– The SDGs are designed to finish the job to get to a statistical “zero” on hunger, poverty, preventable child deaths and other targets. – It has wide focus on poverty reduction and tries to embed environmental, economic and social aspects together. – MDGs mainly targeted developing/least developed or poor countries

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39
Q

what were the sustainable development goals

A

2030 sustainable development started in 2015 is a shared blueprint for “peace and prosperity” for people and the planet, now and into the future. these 17 SDG’s are urgent call for action by all countries

  • improve health living conditions reduce inequality while spurring economic growth while tackling climate change and preserving forests
  • clear shift closing the development gap to sustainability and environmental concern
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40
Q

give some examples of SDG’s

A

zero poverty
zero hunger
gender equality
climate action

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41
Q

model answer plan for how variations in life expectancy in DEVELOPING world arise

A

1) how basic needs such as water, food and sanitation met Fact= 1/9 not enough food, Chad’s life expectancy is 49 years old. 840,000 die a year due to water diseases.&raquo_space;>leads to stark differences in even among developing countries higher pop density with more diseases live less

2)healthcare provision in country/ dont have healthcare system such as Zimbabwe due to long term corruption so life expectancy only 56. poor finacial management by robert mugabe so if ill there are fewer hospitals to get better in.&raquo_space;»also can’t prevent people getting ill in the first place
1000 people die before age 1 as there are few vaccinations
WHOrganisation set up immunisation program which has prevent 2 million deaths a year

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42
Q

variations in life expectancy in africa

A

27 years difference between north africa in algeria of 76 years compared to 49 in south africa

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43
Q

model answer plan for how variations in life expectancy in DEVELOPED world arise

A
  • healthcare provision/ whether there is universal healthcare or not NHS in uk in 1948. USA critisised for lack of funding into healthcare. was obama care but trump stopped it»> usa life expectancy 78 Uk is 81
    2) increased consumerism- changes in diet more fast food»>america most obese country in world 61% of population BMI over 30 leads to type 2 and heart disease
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44
Q

why would it be pointless for a global agreement to reduce GHGs without china?

A

population size 1.3 billion
influence smaller countries such as eastern african
rate of emissions increases with rising middle class and theyre building 100 airports in 3 years
influence global economy

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45
Q

why would it not be pointless for a global agreement to reduce GHGs without china?

A
  • other global initiatives include majority of countries such as SDG’s
  • china isnt only country w/ global influence USA and EU (USA left Paris agreement tho) so not good to overstate importance of chinaas it could lead to inaction
  • bottom up projects can cause small changes such as winchester’s WinACC
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46
Q

how many Mcdonalds are there in USA

A

13,905

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47
Q

who came up with the development theory (dependency) and example

A

andre frank

2008 financial crash

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48
Q

who came up with the world systems theory

A

Immanuel Wallenstein

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49
Q

who came up with the modernisation theory

A

Rostows

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50
Q

who came up with the geo strategic theory

A

halford Mackinder

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51
Q

what is the development theory

A

Andre Gunder Frank (1971) argues that developing nations have failed to develop not because of ‘internal barriers to development’ as modernization theorists argue, but because the developed West has systematically underdeveloped them, keeping them in a state of dependency (hence ‘dependency theory’.)

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52
Q

what was the world systems theory

A

1974- looks at wider spatial and temporal perspective . Spatially world market divided into 3 sections: (where countries compete politically and economically) a developed core, developing periphery and a semi periphery where tensions may occur. World economy moves in Kondratiev cycles where global depressions follow changes in production every 50/60 years

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53
Q

what is the modernisation theory

A
  • explains growth and dominance of Brit Empire and USA
  • Rostow assumes that all countries have an equal chance to develop, without regard to population size, natural resources, or location.
  • theories of modernization are still relevant as of today in the study of development.
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54
Q

what do the stages of the modernisation theory include

A

Traditional society, conditions for take off, take off, drive to maturity, high mass consumption, post-consumer society

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55
Q

what are human rights

A

moral principles someone is entitled to simply because they are a human being. Commonly understood, fundamental rights

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56
Q

country with authoritarian right wing capitalist (EXTREMES)

A

Sharia Law- Indonesia ect. small budget for healthacre

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57
Q

right wing democratic country

A

brazil- committed to short term economic developmnet

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58
Q

left wing socialist democratic country

A

sweden/ norway

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59
Q

left wing authoritarian (EXTREMES)

A

north korea- prioritised miltitary

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60
Q 
since 1945 there has been an emphasised importance of:
P
D
F
and give examples
A

Privatisation
Deregulation
Free Trade
ie) self regulating markets, allowing economic processes to follow course w/out interference or regulation

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61
Q

What have dominant IGOS such as the WB, WTO, IMF traditionally promoted

A
  • neo liberal views of development based on the adoption of free trade, privatisation and deregulation of financial markets
  • also recent programmes have aimed at improving environmental quality, health, education and human rights
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62
Q

what is the IMF

  • when was it founded and how many members?
  • what are their aims
  • how does it improve economy of members
A

Founded in 1948 and has 188 member countries

  • aims to secure financial stability; facilitate international trade; promote high employment and sustainable growth as well as reduce world poverty
  • also improves economies of member countries by collecting data and monitoring economic performance then recommending self-correcting protocols.
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63
Q

what is the world trade organisation

  • when was it founded and how many members?
  • what do they do
  • how do they regulate trade
A
  • founded in 1995 and has 161 member countries
  • only global organisation which deals with rules of trade between countries
  • helps to regulate world trade overseeing negotiations between countries and promotes the reduction/ removal of tariffs and trade barriers
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64
Q

what is the world bank

  • when was it founded and how many members
  • what was it originally created for
  • aims now?
A
  • 1944 now has 213 member states
  • originally facilitator of post war development and reconstruction
  • aim is to alleviate poverty and reduce number of people living on less than $1.50 a day to less than 3%
  • source of financial assistance to a number of developing countries
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65
Q

what are UNESCO

  • what does it stand for
  • when was it founded and how many members
  • what are their aims
  • what does it promote
A
  • United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation
  • founded in 1945, 195 countries
  • aim to contribute to peace and security by encouraging international collaboration through education science and culture to increase respect and recognition of human rights and justice
  • promotes cultural diversity and wants to restore cultural heritage of world. (31 heritage sites in 2016)
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66
Q

What is the OECD?

  • what does it stand for
  • when was it founded and how many members
  • what does it promote
  • what do the forums include
A
  • Organisation for economic co-operation and development
  • founded in 1960 and has 34 member countries.
  • promotes policies that improve economic and social wellbeing
  • forum where governments work together to seek solutions to common problems and find out what drives social, economical and environment change and policies to improve peoples lives
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67
Q

how much is public spending in the UK in 2016

A

$1.102 trillion

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68
Q

when was the UN declaration on human rights founded, how many articles

A

1948 in response to attrocities in Nazi germany and set out fundamental human rights. 30 articles and countries must adhere to all

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69
Q

nagatives of UDHR

A
  • declaration not treaty so not legally binding
  • since 21st century an increase in authoritarian countries has limited human rights such as Pakistan where executions still take place
  • women still discriminated against
  • some countries think UDHR is too westernised so haven’t signed and some Islamic countries have created there own versions
  • some countries aren’t educated on their rights
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70
Q

positives of UDHR

A
  • fundamental rights of people
  • most countries follow 193 countries
  • clearly defines rights and freedoms
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71
Q

what is the European convention on human rights and why was it seen as controversial
when was it founded and how many members

A
  • legally binding of all european countries adapted version of UDHR
  • developed after ww2 in 1950, 47 countries and helped Europe after war from abusers of state power
  • some see it as an erosion of national sovereignty.
  • provides court where decisions override national court decisions hense national sovereignty threatened.
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72
Q

negatives of ECHR

A
  • undermines national sovereignty
  • only 1.4% of judgements made by European countries have concerned UK and 99% of these were thrown out
  • doesn’t change attitudes of countries like russia w/ regard to human rights
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73
Q

positives of ECHR

A
  • protects people and gives freedom
  • now peace in Ireland over human rights
  • allows free trial, religion and protects people from domestic abuse
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74
Q

What is the geneva convention

  • what does it do
  • when was it originally founded
  • when was it updated
A
  • only applicable when at war
  • series of international diplomatic meetings that produced a number of agreements in particular the humanitarian law of armed conflict
  • treats the wounded, captured military and non-military DURING conflict
  • 196 countries originates from 1864 but updated in 1949+1977+2005
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75
Q

negatives of geneva convention

A
  • not all countries agreed to 2005 or 1977 protocols
  • uneven as terrorist organisations such as ISIS dont follow
  • amnesty international discovered that 82% of 160 countries don’t follow article 3 anti torture act
  • Guantanomo bay
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76
Q

positives of geneva convention

A
  • 196 members

- protects public and these effected by war

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77
Q

what is Sharia law

A

law of islam which is very strict and intrusive particularly for women

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78
Q

examples of sharia law and countries its in

A
  • non muslim men who marry muslim women can be killed
  • women can have 1 husband but men can up to 4
  • women cant speak alone to men who aren’t her husband
  • women cant drive
  • Indonesia, Bolivia any muslim country, saudi arabia (also happen to be some of the worlds richest nations)
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79
Q

why is sharia law a concern in the eyes of UK and christian countries

A

-danger that sharia law opperates as an anti legal system

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80
Q

how many bolivian women have been subject to physical abuse

A

50%

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81
Q

what is the GDP per capita in bolivia

A

$3150

poorest country in south america

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82
Q

what % of bolivia dont have access to clean water

A

20%

83
Q

what % of bolivia dont have access to sanitation

A

40%

84
Q

What problems has Bolivia been experiencing

A
  • decline agricultural production
  • increasing rural-urban migration
  • pests and disease
  • water shortages
  • mudslides and glaciers melting
85
Q

what is the law of mother earth

A

new law in 2009 in bolivia that recognises mother earth as a dynamic system of all living things that are interconnected and share a common destiny
-new approach to put nature first in response to climate change

-new emphasis on nature and rights of nature

86
Q

how many degree hotter is world expected to be by 2100

A

4 degrees

87
Q

what does bolivias new approach to nature require economic change and what does bolivia need to do in order to become greener

A
  • their economy largely based on mining exports
  • they need to attract FDI
  • requires renewable and efficient energy, ecological audit of economic activites, reduction in GHG emissions, Food and energy security
88
Q

name some humanitarian motivations for intervention in a country

A
  • offering development aid to poorer countries
  • protecting human rights
  • encouraging healthcare and education
89
Q

name some mutual benefit motivations for intervention in a country

A
  • strengthening security and stability
  • promote trade and protect routes
  • assess resources
  • encourage inward investment
90
Q

name some military power motivations for intervention in a country

A
  • providing military support

- increasing global or regional influence

91
Q

when has development aid been given through history

A
  • cold war given for political reasons to persuade countries east of west
  • end of cold war to help poor
  • 21st centuary in poor countries combatting extremism eg syria
  • also to control migration in turkey and nigeria
92
Q

what is Aid usually given in the form of

how much aid given by EU was:

  • government and civil society aid
  • humanitarian aid
A

-money allocated for specific purposes

  • 2014 17% of EU aid was for government and civil society
  • 17% for humanitarian aid
93
Q

what is bilateral aid

what does it allow?

A
  • Bilateral aid is assistance given by a government directly to the government of another country.
  • allows country to persue it’s own agenda
94
Q

what is multilateral aid

A

-aid given through UN, WB and heavily influenced by powerful countries

95
Q

what is official development assistance

and what are ‘flows’

A

-term used by OECD to measure aid. widely used as an indicator of flows of international aid
Flows= transfer of resources eg money, services and commodities

96
Q

what is the UKs bilateral aid target

and how much in aid in 2013

A

0.7% of GNI on international trade

equated to £11.2 billion in 2013

97
Q

how much did Uk gov give to somalia in 2012

A

£86.8 million (somalia most corrupt country)

98
Q

how much aid did UK give to afghanistan

A

£200 million

99
Q

who is the biggest receiver of Overseas Development Aid ODA

A

afghanistan with $5,050 million in 2013 followed by Myanmar with $3,417 million

100
Q

why is bilateral aid controversial

A
  • much of aid is in forms that attract interest so can lead to debt
  • is it friendship or for the better of nation giving aid
101
Q

What is good about bilateral aid

A
  • more acceptable is the idea of technical assistance, transfer of skills and tech which is more effective than bottom up
  • is philanthropy really dead
102
Q

what % of Indonesia muslim?

A

87% sharia law

no separation of religion and law

103
Q

how have human rights been breached in Indonesia

A
  • journalists harassed and LGBT too
  • women and girls discriminated and virginity tested
  • lock up disabled people and pschological people
104
Q

what % of Zimbabwe agricultural workers are women and how many of this own land

A

70% but only 5% own land

105
Q

what was the inflation rate in Zimbabwe in 2019

A

over 200%

106
Q

positives and negatives in Zimbabwe with human rights with women and youth

A

free legal assistance for women and girls

-however are kept in prison for long time before trial and gov can bribe judges with land and houses

107
Q

what forms of corruption are there in zimbabwe

A

-very corrupt voting system> its rigged. there current president has been in power for 30 years

108
Q

what % of people in zimbabwe live on $1 a day

A

33%

109
Q

examples of corruption in N Korea

A
  • threaten people with death, labour and UN marked North Korea as a threat to world peace
  • no freedo of expression or speech
  • no trade unions and no contact w/ outside
  • people follow rules in fear and women are discriminated against and raped
  • authoritarian state Kim Jong Un exercises total political control
110
Q

what does South Korea represent

A

democracy and embedded capitalism

111
Q

positives of south korea in Health and human rights

A
  • world class education and healthcare

- impeached president due to bribery

112
Q

how have south korea been corrupt

A
  • exploited resources for tech giants
  • cant talk about gov badly or expose views
  • very gender inequal
  • abortion is crime and can face 1 year in prison and 2 years for healthcare workers who help
113
Q

Describe positives of human rights in Rwanda

A
  • dont use the death penelty

- generally good gender equality

114
Q

who was in control of Rwanda

A

germany until defeat in ww2

115
Q

negatives of human rights in Rwanda

A

ethnic inequalities an groups discriminated

  • tribes tutsi, huti and taw have been in conflicts (Huti is main tribe)
  • uncertainties in elections
116
Q

what % of military representatives in Myanmar were not elected

A

25%

117
Q

how are human rights being breached in Myanmar

A
  • no democratic system for 40 years
  • organised crime and illegal activity
  • refugees and ethnic cleansing 900,000 in camp in bangladesh
  • internet blackouts
  • blocked international aid
  • women involved in sex trafficking
118
Q

what % of executions does china account for yearly

A

75%

119
Q

which groups are targeted in China

A

muslims and LGBT groups

-try to strip muslims of their faith

120
Q

successed of human rights in USA

A
  • joint 15th on index w/ estonia
  • gay marriage 2015 and adoption allowed
  • education available
  • the constitution expresses human rights freedom of expression
121
Q

how have human rights been questioned in USA

A
  • obama care lost with trump
  • trump undermined human rights and has said countless controvesial things
  • removed themselves from human rights council
122
Q

how many are in prisons in USA

A

2 million

123
Q

how much of population in USA is Black and what proportion of the people in prison are black

A

13%

-40%

124
Q

where does UK place in terms of size of economy

A

6th in world

125
Q

successes in human rights in UK

A
  • free NHS
  • human rights act and justice in court
  • protection from discrimination against religion ect
  • freedom of expression eg BLM protests
126
Q

breach of human rights in Uk example

A

-asylum seeker found dead in glasgow found dead next to starving baby in 2020

127
Q

where does canada place in world in human right

A

3rd

128
Q

positives of human rights in cananda

A
  • men and women can both participate in armed combat
  • good LGBT rights
  • see AIDS as a disability
129
Q

failings of human rights in Canada

A
  • take advantage of mining workers
  • indigneous women more vulnerable and many go missing
  • mercury poisoning where 92% of community suffered containing many indigenous people
  • police brutalities
  • children detained with 1/3 under age 2 for many months
130
Q

successes of Human rights in Australia

A
  • best relocation schemes, with 100,000 people rehomed

- push for the rights of indigenous people and asylum seeker

131
Q

what proportion of women over 15 in AUS have experienced physical abuse

A

1/3

132
Q

what proportion of women over 15 in AUS have experienced sexual abuse

A

1/4

133
Q

how many times more likely to be depressed are LGBT in AUS

A

3x

134
Q

what was the Tanya Day incident AUS

A
  • aboriginal women tanya fell and hit her head in 2017 while in police custody while being detained for drunkeness and left to die on floor for 3 hours
135
Q

when was same sex marriage legalised in brazil

A

2013

136
Q

describe rights of LGBT in brazil

A
  • have same 112 legal rights as married couples in 2011
  • leader bolsonaro is very homophobic, despite brazil being among most advanced in latin america in terms of LGBT rights
  • conservative and religious views have made making homophobia a crime more difficult
137
Q

when was abortion legalised in brazil compared to UK

A
  • brazil - 2018 up to 12 weeks pregnancy

- Uk - 1968

138
Q

risks of criminalising abortions

A
  • leads to more dangerous clandestine abortions

- doesnt stop them

139
Q

successes of human rights in brazil

  • life expectancy
  • HDI value
  • healthcare?
A
  • life expectancy high 70 in men and 76 in women
  • high HDI value of 0.761
  • healthcare free and seen as constitutional right
140
Q

where is the richest area in Brazil

why is rio not

A
  • south east Rio grande do sol where core of economy is

- rio not included as high life expectancy as many shanty towns

141
Q

how much less do indigenous people live then non ind

A

20 years less

142
Q

how many femicides were there in brazil in 2017

A

1,133

-however 4,539 women killed

143
Q

how many detainees died in brazil in 2017

A

266 due to treatable conditions too such as respiritory or diabetes

144
Q

how many people put in prisons in brazil in 2017

A

726,000

-prisons built to hold half that

145
Q

how many people granted asylum in 2017 in brazil

A

of the 57,000 only 14 granted

refugee camps poor and over crowded and set alight by brazilians

146
Q

what is a trade embargo

A
  • foreign policy or law that bans exports to an imports from a country in protest against actions by that country
  • goods such as tech, military arms banned when fears of human rights violation
  • usually imposed by UN or EU
  • exports of food and medicine can continue
147
Q

why can trade embargos be effective in bringing about change

A

-exports and national income is reduced which forces countries to change there ways

148
Q

what was the trade embargo in iran due to

A

lifted in 2016- concerns of enriched uranium being used in nuclear weapons

USA pulled out of nuclear deal it made other european countries feel obliged to too

149
Q

when was there a trade embargo in South africa

A

effective trade embargo during apartheid years of 1948-1994 figures such as nelson Mandela fought for rights
(more successful) brought about change

150
Q

what was the apartheid

A

Apartheid was a political and social system in South Africa during the era of White minority rule. It enforced racial discrimination against non-Whites, mainly focused on skin colour and facial features. This existed in the twentieth century, from 1948 until the early-1990s.

151
Q

what was the USA Cuba trade embargo

A
  • codemned by UN
  • cost cuba $685 million a year but cost USA $1.2 billion a year
  • lifted in 2016 under Obama
152
Q

positives of trade embargos

A

-severe economic implications can be enough to bring about regime change/ change in attitudes

153
Q

Negatives of trade embargos

A
  • less money generated for the country. civilians might lose out even further
  • usually leads to a diplomatic fall out
  • can also do it to protect domestic production, therefore rich countries get richer and poor countries get poorer
154
Q

when is military aid usually given

A
  • given to countries with a poor human rights record

- often given at a change of regime so that there is support for improvement in human rights

155
Q

who were the top recievers of US foreign military spending in 2015

A

-pakistan, iraq, yemen

156
Q

what is happening with regards to human rights in jordan

A
  • they are accepting refugees from syria but refused entry from palestinian refugees escaping syria and detained and deported those who entered illegally
  • gov broadened anti-terrorism laws in a was that threatened freedom of speech
  • torture was not recognised by justice system
157
Q

what did the renewed 2014 5 year aid package for Jordan from USA conatin

A
  • $360million in economic assistance
  • $300 million in foreign military finance and
  • $340 million towards cost by insecurity

-$1 billion overall in economic assistance, in foreign military finance and towards cost by insecurity

158
Q

negative of USA and Jordan military aid

A

-the freedom index score still over 36/ 100 in 2016

159
Q

what are the disadvantages of military aid

A
  • aid may be given for political reasons to gain influence in a country or key region eg russia supporting the Assad regime or USA supporting Jordan in order to gain foothold in middle east due to jordans location
  • takes long time for political/cultural change and sometimes countries return to old ways
160
Q

what did the institute for economics global terrorism index of 2015 showed that in 2014 terrorism concentrated in which countries

A

iraq, afghanistan, nigeria, pakistan syria

161
Q

what did the terrorism concentrated countries cause in terms of % of deaths globally

A

78%

162
Q

what % of attacks by terrorists were in countries that supported politcal violence and have lack of respect for human rights

A

92%

163
Q

who are ISIS and how many fighters do they have

A

most organised terrorist organisation with 31,000 fighters

-wealthiest due to oil gaining territory in iraq and syria to form caliphate

164
Q

how have the USA and UK tried to weaken IS

A

air strikes

165
Q

describe the events of the War in afghanistan and what caused it

A
  • following attacks of 9/11 under UN security council decided to, USA led international miltary assault on afghanistan with the intent to bomb terrorist training camps and kill leaders
  • also did this by dominating afghan cities and supporting afghan northern alliance who are resistors to the taliban
166
Q

when was osama bin laden killed

A

may 2nd 2011

167
Q

when was the taliban regime changed

A

dec 2001

168
Q

how did womens rights change as result of this uplift of taliban regime in 2001

A

rules on islamic womens dress and schooling lifted

169
Q

how many USA soldiers died in afghan war

A

2,175

170
Q

how much did afghan war cost US military a year

A

$100 million

171
Q

how many refugees did USA accept from afghan

A

90,000

172
Q

how much did the afghan war cost UK

A

£12 billion

173
Q

how many uk soldiers killed in afghan

A

444

174
Q

how many british troups injured

A

2,600

175
Q

how mnay were psychologically injured in afghan war

A

5000

176
Q

how much did uk give in aid to afghanistan in 5 years

A

£710million and regarded as “top foreign policy priority”

177
Q

how many refugees did uk accept from afghanistan

A

56,000

178
Q

advantages of military action

A
  • regime change in afghanistan reduced terrorist threat to uk
  • improvements in human rights in areas
179
Q

disadvantages of military action

A
  • questioned human rights of those intervening eg USA and guantanamo bay
  • costly both lives and economically
180
Q

describe what happened at guantanamo bay

A
  • constructed in 2002 to hold extremists in cuba
  • it was beyond jurisdiction of US law and according to supreme court the treatment of those there went against geneva convention
  • obama called for its closure
181
Q

how many still remain in guantanamo bay

A

40, who are arguably too dangerous to ever let leave

182
Q

why is military action successful

A
  • improvements can be made in education and life expectancy

- its better than doing nothing

183
Q

how many students were enrolled in schools under afghanistan rule and how many of these girls

how do these stats differ in 2013

A
  1. 2 million students, 50,000 girls

10. 5 million by 2013 but still not even mix of boys to girls

184
Q

what % of girls are literate in Afghanistan

A

37%

185
Q

what % of women are literate in afghanistan

A

19%

186
Q

what did edmund burke say i regards to military action

A

‘the only thing necessary for triumph of evil is for good men to do nothing’

187
Q

how many fighters does isis have

A

31,000

188
Q

how many poeple are in prison camps in north korea under kim jong family

A

80,000-120,000

189
Q

what is saddam hussain responsible for

A

genocide of the Kurdish population in northern iraq using chemical weapons

-180,000 died

190
Q

why is military action not successful

A
  • collateral damage of war
  • human rights record of MEDCs suffer eg Usa
  • other methods are more successful
191
Q

which other methods can be argued as more/less successful than military aid

A
  • trade embargos
  • military aid
  • development aid
192
Q

how many detainees were brought to guantanamo bay

A

775 but many of these released without charge

prisoners of war but some tortured

193
Q

how many civilian deaths as result of afghanistan war

A

149,000

194
Q

what is a long term effect of military action

A
  • difficult to reunite and restructure countries after regime change
  • long term power vacuum
  • loss of sovereignty in intervened country as they are controlled by military forces

civilian gov restored in afghanistan in 2014 but large no. of suicide bombings means little peace.

195
Q

when did usa and uk stop combat operations in Afghanistan

A

2013

-there is still little peace due to suicide bombings ans talliban are taking back control

196
Q

why was a trade embargo formed with cuba from USA

A

-imposed in 1960s after Castros support of communism

  • 50 year long
  • still rich though as exported biofuels to europe and cuba have unwesterised preserved culture
197
Q

negatives of development aid in Haiti

A
  • local jobs lost to aid workers
  • dependency on aid created as about 70% of haitian healthcare comes from NGOs and locals no longer know how to do things for themselves
  • contrasts between aid workers clothes and cars and people theyre helping doesnt come across as humble really?
198
Q

what is the Niger delta

A

3rd largest wetland and 4th largest mangrove forest in the world

199
Q

what is going on in the Niger delta
when did it start being exploited
what % economy is it

A

oil exploitation started in 1958
-oil industry forms core of nigerian economy making up 55% of the joint venture with TNCs which are owned by Nigerian national Petroleum Coorporation

200
Q

how many oil spills have their been in the Niger Delta in 2014

A

550 in 2014

due to extensive oil pipelines, theft and sabotage

201
Q

what % of oil is stolen in Niger delta

A

20%

202
Q

how much money is lost due to stolen oil

A

$20 billion

203
Q

what do friends of the earth believe in regards to oil in nigeria

A

it has been a disaster for the country and the exploitation should stop

A Level Geography (12 decks)

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